Weiten Chapter 1 – the mysteries of the mind were disciplines of philosophy and physiology What happened?
What were Wundt’s and Hall’s accomplishments? First psychological research lab to scientifically study consciousness introspection, self-observation, conscious experience Hall was the father of American psychology Titchener led the school of Structuralism – Analyze the structure of consciousness into its basic elements
What about Functionalism? Functionalism – focus on purpose and functions of consciousness, not the components of it Paved the way for behaviorism and applied psychology William James was impressed by Charles Darwin
Who was…
Why were Freud’s ideas controversial? Invented psychoanalysis What did he say about the unconscious? – Below the surface, but influence behavior What did he say about sexuality?
How did Freudian theory affect mainstream psychology? Psychoanalytic theory explains personality, motivation, and mental disorders – Or does it? Focuses on the unconscious determinants of behavior
Wundt, James or Freud? The task of bringing the most hidden recesses of the mind to the conscious level is quite possible to accomplish The new discipline in my book rests upon physiological and anatomical foundations Consciousness flows like a river, it does not appear chopped up in bits
Who said … Psychology must discard all references to consciousness?
Who said … Psychology must discard all references to consciousness? John Watson
Who noticed… Dogs can be trained to salivate at the sound of a tone?
Who noticed… Dogs can be trained to salivate at the sound of a tone? Does Pavlov ring a bell?
What is the main idea of behaviorism? Only observable behavior should be studied Verifiability is essential Behavior is an observable response by an organism to a stimuli Stimulis Response (S-R) Psychology
How did behaviorism influence psychology? Rise of animal research Controlled experimentation
What was Skinner’s basic principle? Organisms repeat what leads to a positive outcome; they don’t repeat what leads to a neutral or negative outcome
Why was Skinner controversial? Beyond Freedom and Dignity Free will is an illusion
Who said… Who am I, really … how can I become myself?
Who said… Who am I, really … how can I become myself? Carl Rogers
What is humanism and where did it come from? Humanism emphasizes unique qualities in each person and potential for human growth Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Innovative treatments
Watson, Skinner, or Rogers Scientific analysis reveals unsuspected controlling relations between behavior and environment Strongly positive directional tendencies exist in all of us, at the deepest levels I would be confident in the favorable outcome of a careful upbringing of a healthy baby born from a long line of murderers and prostitutes.
What is applied psychology? Concern with everyday practical problems
What is clinical psychology? Concerned with diagnosis and treatment of problems
What is the cognitive perspective? Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge Piaget, Chomsky, Simon Putting the psyche back into psychology
What is the biological perspective? Behavior can be explained in terms of bodily structures and biochemical processes
Why have cultural variables been ignored and what sparked in increased interest? Ethnocentrism Socio-political upheavals in the 1960’s and 70’s
What is evolutionary psychology? Behavioral adaptation of a species over many generations
And now…
Timeline Wundt Hall Sperry, Hubel, Wiesel structuralism biological James Calkins Pavlov Washburn Watson Hull Skinner functionalism behaviorism Freud Jung, Adler psychoanalysis Binet Hollingsworth Terman gestalt Erikson Simon, Miller, Chomsky developmental cognitive Rogers Maslow humanism Maccoby, Jacklin K. and M. Clark Milgram social psychology
What are the main areas of research? Developmental – lifespan (geriatrics is a growing field) Social - interpersonal Experimental – traditional core topics Physiological – genetrics, biology, neurochemistry Cognitive – higher mental processes Personality – describing and assessing behavior Psychometrics – measuring and testing
What are the four specialities? Clinical - treatment Counseling – everyday moderate problems Educational – testing, training, counseling Industrial – human resources
What is psychiatry? Branch of medicine Diagnosis and treatment
7 themes (check your understanding on page 25) Empirical – knowledge through observation Theoretically Diverse – interrelated ideas to explain observations Socio-historical Determined by multiple causes - multifactorial causation of behavior Shaped by culture – interrelated ideas to explain observations Influenced by heredity and environment – nature & nurture behavior is… psychology is … People’s experience is highly subjective