1. Introduction to Psychology
Weiten Text

2. Chapter 1 Evolution of Psychology
1. Early History (hx)
2. Modern Hx
3. Current Psy
4. Seven Themes

3. Psychology Basics
Very much an applied subject > how to use it in real life – what about problems we know about ?
Is there any advantage to learning psy ?

4. Early History Psychology Psyche = soul logy = Person minus body = soul
1700s – study

5. Early Hx
Religion > philosophy > physiology (study of organ systems)
A few ways of thinking about the mind:
A. mind and body together
B. how we know ourselves (sensations, feelings, ideas, identity)
C. interacting with outside world, others
D. knowing what is real

6. Early Hx Philosophers & physiologists worked on these questions
Wilhelm Wundt ( )
Physiologist

7. Early Hx
Wundt
- 1879: 1st psychological University of Leipzig
- 1881: 1st
- helped
- influence
- Wundt wanted psy to be the study of consciousness ~ mind

8. Early Hx
Wundt
- studied what could be measured – memory, attention, reaction-time, sensation
US followed this – many labs opened at top universities

9. Early Hx Structuralism or Functionalism Disagreements
Structuralism = study consciousness and its aspects – treat it like an organ, with parts
- followed Edward Titchener
- studied senses
- method was introspection = thinking of one’s own experience

10. Early Hx Structuralism or Functionalism
Functionalism = consider functions, how consciousness works, the purpose of it
- followed William James ( )
- James’s Principles of Psychology (1890)
- considered Darwin – theory of natural selection (survival of the fittest; keep what works)

11. Early Hx
Functionalism
- consciousness helps humans -

12. Early Hx
Functionalists dominated psychology > way it was taught – led to behaviorism & applied psy
Structuralists made sure that lab research would be a key factor – later statistics

13. Modern Hx Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Influence and controversy
Neurologist
Treated patients

14. Modern Hx Freud Focus on unconscious (Unc)
Learned from pts who had these deep, hidden issues
Learned from thinking about himself
Unc not part of awareness, but still guides individual

15. Modern Hx
Freud
Psychoanalytic theory – Unc guides personality, behavior, problems of life
> inner conflict
> slips of the tongue
Controversy
Do we guide ourselves ? How much control do we have ?

16. Modern Hx
Freud
Sexuality powerful influence

17. Modern Hx
Freud
1909: G. Stanley Hall arranged Freud’s visit to Clark University
1920s – major movement – psychoanalysts clashed with others
Psychologists stressed science – what could be proved ?

18. Modern Hx
Freud
Psychoanalysis

19. Modern Hx Watson & Behaviorism John B. Watson (1878-1958)
Behaviorism – 1920s
Psy is based on studying
Unc
Psy = observeable behavior
Scientific method –
Verify =

20. Modern Hx Behaviorists Fought w Accepted nurture
Environment = family, ed system, community, workplace, etc
Learned from Pavlov

21. Modern Hx Behaviorists Used stimulus-response (S-R) in studies
S-R important concept
Because of S-R:
1. less interest in human subjects
2. animal research – apply to humans, easier to control

22. Modern Hx Skinner & Behaviorism B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Believed
Said
Focus on S-R > learn from that
No need
Animals/people seek positive outcomes > do that behavior again

23. Modern Hx Skinner & Behaviorism
Not likely to repeat behaviors that lead
Put rats & pigeons
His ideas in schools, factories, mental facilities
Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971) – controversial – all beh predictable, incl human – no free will – live for rewards

24. Modern Hx Skinner Box – for babies Humanism “touchy-feely”
1950s-60s: humanists disagreed w both psychoanalysts & behaviorists
Said neither understood human complexity
Focus on behavior, values, free will

25. Modern Hx
Humanism
People can be free, grow, & be themselves, are rational ?
Humans have
Carl Rogers ( ) – Client-Centered Therapy > important clinically but hard to research

26. Modern Schools 1. Behaviorism – observable acts
2. Psychoanalysis – unconscious activity
3. Humanistic – people rational, grow
4. Cognitive – focus on the way people think > explain beh
5. Biological – beh comes from brain processes, all electrochemical
6. Evolutionary – beh based on adaptation

27. Modern Psy Psychology as a profession – providing service
Applied Psychology – directed at solving issues – all Ph.D.
Clinical, counseling, school - therapy

28. Modern Psy Traditional psy – Diversity, multiculturalism > ?
Today must be multicultural because
1. globalization – world is linked
2. US multiracial, multiethnic & diverse

29. Seven Unifying Themes 1. Psychology is scientific (empirical)
2. Psych has many theories
3. Psy develops according to the times
4. Behavior has many causes
5. Behavior is based on culture
6. Behavior is based on heredity & environment
7. We are subjective (it is personal)