The Science of Psychology Chapter 1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology’s Four Goals 1.Description What is happening?

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The Science of Psychology Chapter 1

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology’s Four Goals 1.Description What is happening? 2.Explanation Why is it happening? Theory - general explanation of a set of observations or facts 3.Prediction Will it happen again? 4.Control How can it be changed? LO 1.1 Definition and goals of psychology AP Strengths & limitations of theories Menu

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. History of the Field Psychology is a relatively new field in science, about 130 years old Philosophers had been asking questions about the soul, body & mind Plato, Aristotle, Descartes Physiologists used science to study the body and brain Fechner, Helmholtz Psychology began by using science to study the mind AP Philosophical perspectives/Identify historical figures

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Structuralism Structuralism - focused on structure or basic elements of the mind. Wilhelm Wundt’s psychology laboratory Germany in 1879 Developed objective introspection – process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and mental activities. Edward Titchener Wundt’s student; brought structuralism to America. Margaret Washburn Titchener’s student; first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. LO 1.2 Structuralism and functionalism AP Theoretical approaches/Historical figures Menu

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Functionalism Functionalism - how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play. Proposed by William James. Influenced the modern fields of: Educational psychology Evolutionary psychology Industrial/organizational psychology LO 1.2 Structuralism and functionalism AP Theoretical approaches/Historical figures Menu

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gestalt Psychology Gestalt – “good figure” psychology. Started with Wertheimer, who studied sensation and perception. Gestalt ideas are now part of the study of cognitive psychology, a field focusing not only on perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving. LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism AP Theoretical approaches Menu

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Modern Perspectives 1.Psychodynamic perspective - modern version of psychoanalysis. More focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of motivations behind a person’s behavior other than sexual motivations. 2.Behavioral perspective – B. F. Skinner studied operant conditioning of voluntary behavior. Behaviorism became a major force in the twentieth century. Skinner introduced the concept of reinforcement to behaviorism. LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers AP Theoretical approaches in explaining behavior Menu

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Modern Perspectives 3.Humanistic perspective Owes far more to the early roots of psychology in the field of philosophy. Humanists held the view that people have free will, the freedom to choose their own destiny. Early founders: Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Emphasized the human potential, the ability of each person to become the best person he or she could be. Self-actualization - achieving one’s full potential or actual self. LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers AP Theoretical approaches in explaining behavior Menu

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Modern Perspectives 4.Cognitive perspective - focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning. 5.Sociocultural perspective - focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture. LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers AP Theoretical approaches in explaining behavior Menu

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Modern Perspectives 6.Biological perspective - attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system. 7.Evolutionary perspective - focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share-William James. Looks at the way the mind works and why it works as it does. Behavior is seen as having an adaptive or survival value. LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers AP Heredity, environment, & evolution/Natural selection of traits & behavior Menu