1. History of Psychology

2. Modern Psychology’s Roots

3. What is Psychology? The science of behavior and mental processes
Behavior—observable actions of a person or animal
Mind—thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, motives and other subjective experiences
Science--an objective way to answer questions based on observable facts/data and well-described methods
Separated from philosophy in 19th century
influences from physiology remain
Keywords: behavior, mind, science

4. Philosophical Developments
A Question: How are mind and body related?
BIG
René Descartes (1596–1650)—Interactive dualism
The mind and body interact to produce conscious experience
Keywords: dualism, Rene Descartes
Graphic: picture of Descartes pg. 4 of Gray

5. Philosophical Developments
BIG
Another Question: Nature vs. Nurture
Are abilities determined by our genes or our experiences?
What are the interactions between genetics and environment?
What effect does it have on behavior?
Keywords: materialism, empiricism, nativism

6. Wilhelm Wundt Leipzig, Germany The “father of psychology”
Founder of modern psychology
Opened the first psychology lab in 1879
applied laboratory techniques to study of the mind
Discovering Psy 2e p.4
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)

7. E.B. Titchener Wundt’s student, professor at Cornell University
Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality of the parts of consciousness
Founder of structuralism
P. 5. Discovering psy.
E. B. Titchener (1867–1927)

8. Structuralism
Studied the basic elements (structure) of thoughts and sensations.
identify ‘atoms’ of the mind
focused on basic sensory and perceptual processes
measured reaction times

9. William James First American psychologist
Started psychology at Harvard in 1870s
Opposed Wundt and Titchener’s approach
Author of the first psychology textbook
Founder of Functionalism
functionalism – influenced by Darwin to focus on how behaviors help us adapt to the environment
p. 5 Discovering psy
William James (1842–1910)

10. Functionalism
Emphasized studying the function of consciousness and how consciousness helped people adapt to their environment

11. Explain the difference between Structuralism & Functionalism.
Structuralism – basic parts of a person’s thoughts and feelings. Focus on basic senses & perception.
Functionalism – how our consciousness helps us to function or adapt to our environment.

12. John B. Watson Founder of Behaviorism
Studied only observable and objectively described acts
Emphasized objective and scientific methodology
p. 8 Discovering psy
John B. Watson (1878–1958)

13. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Behaviorist Russian Physiologist
Studied learning through associations in animals
Emphasized the study of observable behaviors

14. B.F. Skinner Behaviorist American psychologist at Harvard
Focused on learning through rewards and observation
studied learning and effect of reinforcement
p. 8 Discovering psy
B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)

15. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Austrian physician that focused on illness
Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective
Believed that abnormal behavior originated from unconscious drives and conflicts

16. Freud’s Influence Influence on “pop culture” Freudian slips
Anal-retentive
Influence on psychology
Psychodynamic theory
Unconscious thoughts
Significance of childhood experiences

17. Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow (1902-1987) (1908-1970)
Helped to create Humanistic Psychology
Stressed the study of conscious experience and an individual’s free will
Healthy individuals strive to reach their potential.

18. Wolfgang Kohler Created Gestalt Psychology
The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
Integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
Wolfgang Kohler
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