EARLY INDUSTRIAL EUROPE Population: Sharp rise after 1730. France – 50% in 50 years; Britain and Prussia 100% in 50 years Poverty: Especially France and Italy. 25% of the population of Bologna begged for a living Enclosures (England) Cottage industry and wage labor Inventions and innovations: 1760s – steam engine; 1780s – puddling; use of coal/coke as fuel, development of railways (from 16 miles/hour in 1830 to 50 miles/hour in 1850). Rise of factory system: Concerns of British labor, new values of punctuality and hard work, worker resistance, surge in production (cotton textile production in Britain tripled between Conservatism in the early 19th century: Metternich and the Concert of Europe Waning of mercantilism, rise of free trade philosophy Deindustrialization in the colonies Gustave Dore: London, 1872

MANCHESTER IN 1750 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ITmanchester.htm

A new urban landscape Manchester, 1847. Left: except the cathedral, all the buildings are industrial. Right: cotton warehouse

REDHILL STREET MILL, MANCHESTER Commissioned in 1790 and constructed in 1818 as a spinning mill. One writer, Alexis de Tocqueville, described Redhill Street Mill in 1835 as "...a place where some 1500 workers, labouring 69 hours a week, with an average wage of 11 shillings, and where three-quarters of the workers are women and children". Eight storeys high, it was the tallest iron-framed building in the world in its day. In 1865 the building was altered by the new owner, Sir William Fairbairn, to install larger automated spinning mules. By this time it was the biggest mill in the Manchester region. Further buildings were added in 1868 and 1912 to cope with the demand for increased output. http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/history/victorian/mills.html http://www.lookingatbuildings.org.uk/default.asp?Document=3.T.7&image=70

Royal Exchange, Manchester

Industrial accidents, early 1800s

Boiler explosion

http://www.millikin.edu/history/202/images/minergirl.jpg http://myweb.cableone.net/leahryan/Coal/pbl/England/pre42lan.htm

URBAN PROBLEMS: PUBLIC HEALTH & POVERTY Left: a London sewer URBAN PROBLEMS: PUBLIC HEALTH & POVERTY Left: a London sewer. Centre: scavenger at sewer. Right: vagrants

Number Weekly Wages  MALES 1 1000 pounds per year  Mill manager (also got 3 per cent of the profits) 26 15s-32s  Overseers and clerks 6 17s-25s  Mechanics and engine drivers 3 14s-21s  Carpenters and blacksmiths 15s  Lodge keeper 16 14s-15s  Power loom machinery attendants and steamers 18 10s-15s  Mill machinery attendants and loom cleaners 5 5s-12s  Spindle cleaners, bobbin stampers and packers, messengers, sweepers - 7s-10s  Watchmen 5s-10s  Coachmen, grooms and van driver 38 2s-4s  Winders 114    Total Males  FEMALES 4 10s-11s  Gauze examiners 9s-10s  Female assistant overseers  Warpers 9  Twisters 6s-9s  Wasters 589 5s-8s  Weavers 2 6s-7s  Plugwinders 83 4s-6s  Drawers and doublers 188 899  Total Females 1013  GRAND TOTAL WORK FORCE This is an 1860 chart of the workforce of the Courtauld Silk Mill, built in 1825 in Halstead, Essex (southeast England). Wages are in shillings. Before the industrial revolution, Halstead was an agricultural community with a cottage industry producing woolen cloth. In Halstead, as elsewhere in England, unemployment among depressed farming households and former wool workers forced people to find work outside the home. Because their labor was cheap, women more than men were recruited into the textile factories that sprang up all over Britain in the 19th century. http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/textile.html

WORKING CLASS RESPONSE Leeds Woollen Workers’ Petition, 1786 Luddites, early nineteenth century (myth of Ned Ludd) Urban migration: Population of London by 1850: 2.4 million Trade unions: Britain tried to outlaw workers’ organizations in 1800. Use of methods like strikes. Led to moderate reforms in 1832 (only 1/30 of population represented in Parliament; existence of laws like Poor Law, which forced people to find work) Reforms: Edwin Chadwick’s report in 1842, more decisive reforms in 1867. Repeal of Corn Laws motivated by free trade philosophy rather than concern for poor. Chartist movement (late 1830s to 1848): radical demands - universal male suffrage, remuneration for Members of Parliament, annual sessions of Parliament Manifesto of the Communist Party: class struggle, role of the bourgeoisie, relations of production, global nature of industrial economy, overproduction, constantly expanding markets, alienation of labor, rise of proletariat, revolution, internationalism Poster published in 1911 www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRluddites.htm

Producing the raw material of the first industrial revolution

Free trade? Or “drain of wealth”? CHINA Impoverishment Addiction Weakened army Opium Wars; “unequal treaties NORTH AMERICA Tea, silk Tea Profits BRITAIN Tea, jute, indigo Factory-made cloth Private remittances INDIA Death of Indian textile industry; loss of employment Indians forced to buy British goods—no investment or industrialization Heavy taxes on even the poorest peasants Famines, deaths Profits Indian taxpayers’ money Tea Profits Factory-made cloth Profits EUROPE LATIN AMERICA Plantation economy Import of manufactures

By 1851, Britain produced one half of the world’s coal and manufactured goods. Britain’s cotton textile industry produced as much as that of all other European countries put together Production of cotton textiles tripled between 1780 and 1850

THE GREAT EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1851 http://www.knightsbridge.net/history/great-exhibition.html THE GREAT EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1851 On May 1, 1851, Queen Victoria opened the Great Exhibition of Works of Industry of All Nations in London's Hyde Park. The first world's industrial fair, the exhibition brought together the best manufactured products of 77 nations. The building in which it was held, nicknamed the "Crystal Palace," was itself a technological marvel of iron and glass devised by Joseph Paxton. More than six million people from many nations visited the exhibition during its five and a half-month run. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/british/brit-5.html