PSYCHOLOGY 3e Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013

What Is Psychology?

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 How Is Psychology Defined? ** Psychology is the scientific study of: Behavior – outward or overt actions and reactions Mental processes – internal, covert activity of our minds W h a t i s p s y c h o l o g y ?

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 ** What Are the Goals of Psychology?

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 What Is Structuralism? First psychology lab in Germany (1879) Mind consists of basic elements analyzed via ** objective introspection – process of objectively examining and measuring ones thoughts and mental activities

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 What Is Structuralism? Introspect about physical objects AND thoughts “Tell me about things that are yellow.” Edward Titchener

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 What Is Structuralism? Margaret Washburn: First woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology (1894) Author of The Animal Mind

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 What Is Functionalism? “Stream of thought” vs. elements of mind Focus on adaptation, living, working, playing – functioning in the real world William James

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” ** Gestalt: “An organized whole” Gestalt psychologists: People naturally seek out patterns (“wholes”) in available sensory information. Gestalt Psychology

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 What Is Psychoanalysis? Neurologist in late 18 th century Vienna ** Psychoanalysis: insight therapy for fear and anxiety Unconscious Early childhood Sigmund Freud

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Watson believed fears are learned via experience. Fear is learned when a neutral stimulus is paired with an aversive stimulus like a loud noise. Behaviorism - Of Babies and Rats

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Modern Psychological Perspectives The seven modern perspectives: Even in the 21 st century, there isn’t one single perspective that is used to explain all human behavior and mental processes.

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Psychodynamic Perspective Focus on the unconscious and early development, not sex

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 ** Behaviorism - focuses on observable behavior only Focus on operant conditioning, punishment, and reinforcement

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 People have the freedom to choose their own destiny. Humanistic Perspective

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Cognitive Perspective Includes: Memory Intelligence Perception Problem solving Learning

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Sociocultural Perspective Relationship between social behavior and culture

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Biopsychological Perspective Attributes human and animal behavior to biological events

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Evolutionary Perspective Charles Darwin Biological, mental traits shared by all humans

Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Types of Psychological Professionals Psychiatrist – Medical Doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders Medical Model – When in doubt cut it out or drug it. Psychologist Psychiatric social worker

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Work Settings and Subfields of Psychology Source: (a) Tsapogas et al., 2006, (b) Hoffer et al., 2007)

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 The Scientific Method Perceive Hypothesize Draw conclusions Report, revise, replicate Test

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Descriptive Methods Naturalistic ObservationLaboratory Observation Involves watching animals or people in their natural environments Lack of control Involves watching animals or people in an artificial but controlled situation, such as a laboratory 1.7 How are naturalistic and laboratory settings used to describe behavior, and what are some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with these settings?

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Descriptive Methods Case StudiesSurveys Detailed investigations of one subject Information gained cannot be applied to other cases Ask standardized questions of large groups of people that represent a sample of the population of interest Respondents may not always tell the truth or remember information correctly 1.8 How are case studies and surveys used to describe behavior, and what are some drawbacks to each of these methods?

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Representative Sample From Population to Sample Population Representative sample: Randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Finding Relationships: Correlation Variable 1 Variable 2 Income Education Smoking Health Correlation: A measure of the relationship between two variables ** CORRELATION DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION!!!

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Finding Relationships: Correlation Positive correlation: Variables related in same direction +.70 $$$ $ AAA A Show graph

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Negative correlation: Variables related in opposite direction -.70 Show graph Finding Relationships: Correlation

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Experiments Independent and Dependent Variables (e.g., type of dog and level of fear) Experimental and control groups ** Independent variable (IV) – variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Experiments ** Placebo effect –The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior. Single-blind Experimenter effects & “double blinding” Quasi-experimental designs

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Ethics in Psychological Research Protection of rights and well-being of participants Informed consent Justification when deception is used Right of participants to withdraw at any time Protection of participants from harm Confidentiality Debriefing participants at the end of the study Correcting any undesirable consequences that may result

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Ethics in Animal Research Animal research: Answers questions we could never answer with human research Focus is on avoiding unnecessary pain/suffering Animals used in approximately 7% of psychological studies

Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 2013 Critical Thinking ** Critical thinking: Making reasoned (logical and well thought out) judgments about claims 1.“Truths” 2.Evidence 3.Authorities 4.Open minds - Albert Einstein, 1941 “science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind”