Religion and Reform Chapter 8 1812-1860 Page 264

A Religious Awakening Section 1 A. Second Great Awakening- Early 1800’s a revival of religious feeling swept the country Started in Kentucky and spread Preachers known as revivalists spoke at outdoor meetings and churches around the country Church membership skyrocketed Religious reforms swept country

B: Evangelical style Charles Grandison Finney- first evangelical style of worship Lyman Beecher- Yale Educated- also known for fiery speeches

Tensions Many wanted gov’t to back religion- stop people from working on Sundays African Americans also embrace second Great Awakening However, many start their own church- AME-8,000 members Would lead many to call for an end of slavery Also led to many slave revolts

C. Mormons Many people dislike Mormons Leader Joseph Smith More than one wife Voted as a community Held property as a community Leader Joseph Smith Had to go place to place getting away from violence Joseph Smith murdered in Nauvoo Ohio- Mormons would go west- Utah

D. Jews and Catholics Catholics also hated Jews Minority Poor- Irish- worked for less Believed they showed loyalty to pope, not U.S> Jews Different culture Started coming in larger numbers

E: The Rest Utopias- tried to establish perfect societies Most fail Shakers- United Society of Believers in Christ’s second appearing Set up independent villages Transcendentalists- don’t need bible to find God- listen to inner self and nature Ralph Waldo Emersonsd Henry David Thoreau- Nature, Walden

Reforming Society Section 2 A: Education Colonial times- parents taught- The American Spelling Inadequate Public School Movement- Led by Horace Mann- championed education in Mass. First state board of education, end corporal punishment, well trained teachers Democracy to work, needed educated population

B. Prisoners Dorothea Dix- 1841- began teaching Sunday schools in prisoner Wanted to reform the horrible prison system Mental illness with hardened criminals Promoted building hospitals for mentally ill Penitentiary movement Two types: Pennsylvania system, Auburn Prison system

C: Temperance movement Industrialization caused many issues in society Crime, sickness, poverty, and neglected families Temperance movement- end alcohol abuse Prohibition- outlaw alcohol ATS- Neal Dow- gave lectures

Section 3 Anti Slavery Movement During the 1800’s, the issue of slavery would always be on the mines of the people. Many would try to abolish slavery, while others would defend it

A. Slavery By 1800, more than 2 million slaves in U.S. 1/3 under age of ten Life was terrible Describe the Life of a slave 1 2 3 4 5

B. Survival Some would lose hope Others found ways to cope Maintain traditions and family ties Rely on Christian beliefs Resist slavery Run away Break tools Work slowly Revolts- Denmark Vesey????

C. Nat Turner 1831, led a revolt in Richmond Virginia Could read and write Believed God told him to lead his people to freedom Killed 60 people before local militia stopped them Him and followers were executed Southerners would reacted? 1. 2.

D: Freed slaves Not all AA’s were slaves By 1780’s, some owners slowly freeing their slaves and many northern states abolish slavery- manumitting ACS- American Colonization Society- established Liberia- a colony for free slaves to go to 1830 some 1,100 people returned

E: Fight Against slavery 1804- all states north of Maryland abolish slavery 1807- slave trade banned Abolition movement gaining momentum William Lloyd Garrison- the Liberator American anti-slavery Society Frederick Douglas- former slave- great speaker

F. Fight Against Abolition South relied on slavery Benefited the economy, north and south Was better than waged laborers- for slaves and owners Christianity promoted slavery Slavery was good for AA’s Keep white superiority over AA’s

F. Northerners racist too Some northerners also supported slavery Got Gag rule passed- law prohibiting discussion on slavery Many abolitionists attacked Slavery would continue to divide the country and hurt North/South relations.

Section 4 The Women’s Movement Many women would join the abolition movement Would realize, “Hey, were not much better off than slaver” We should get us some rights too.

A. Limits Early 1800’s Women couldn’t Vote Own property If divorced, men got custody Hold office Forbidden to speak in public in many cases Basically, don’t have an opinion, been seen and not heard

B. Women Reformers Most important women’s reformers of 1800;s Sojourner Truth-women rights and slavery Catherine Beecher-advanced school Emma Willard-advanced school Dorothea Dix-prison reform Angelina and Sara Grimke- started abolition groups and women’s rights groups

C. Progress Industrial revolution allowed women to enter workplace Still paid less then men and only certain jobs Women’s movement officially started in early to mid 1800’s Published pamphlets, held meetings, protested

D. More Women Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton- household names in women’s rights Seneca Falls convention- meeting of men and women- wrote the Declaration of sentiments Suffrage would be an early goal E. Progress- Married Women’s property Act- guaranteed property of married women