Vocabulary and Objectives Chapter 9

Vocabulary Age structure-percentage of the population at each age level in a population. Birth rate-annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of an area at the midpoint of a given year. Crude birth rate-see birth rate. Crude death rate-annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year. Death rate-see above.

Vocabulary cont. Demographic transition-hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declines in death rates followed by decline in birth rates Family planning-providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have. Fertility-number of births that occur to an individual woman. Infant mortality rate-number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year who die before their first birthday.

Vocabulary cont. Life expectancy-average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live. Migration-movement of people into and out of a specific geographic area. Population change-increase or decrease in the size of a population. Replacement-level fertility-number of children a couple must have to replace them. Total fertility-estimate of the average number of children who will be born to a woman during her lifetime if she passes through all her childbearing years.

Objectives What is the history of human population growth, and how many people are likely to be here by 2050? For most of history, human population has slowly increased. In 2050 the world population is expected to be 8.9 billion. How is population size affected by birth, death, fertility, and migration rates? Population size is affected by birth, death, and fertility and migration rates because all of these affect population numbers. How is population size affected by the percentages of males and females at each age level? Population size is affected by the percentages of males and females because they have two to reproduce.

Objectives cont. How can we slow population growth? Make contraceptives more available, limit the amount of kids a woman can have, and educate people better about sex. What success have India and China had in slowing population growth? They have put limits on the amount of kids a family can have and educate women better. They have significantly decreased their population growths. What are the major impacts of human activities on the world’s natural ecosystems? Human activities damage the natural ecosystems through pollution, deforestation, and development.