1. Chapter 7
The Human Population

2. Scientists Disagree on Earth’s Carrying Capacity
Figure
7.1

3. Scientists Disagree on Earth’s Carrying Capacity
The following graphs show theoretical models of food supply and population size.

4. 1. The current world population is closest to which of the following?
a. 1 million b million c. 1 billion
d. 7 billion e. 20 billion

5. Factors that Drive Human Population Growth
Demography- the study of human populations and population trends.
Changes in Population Size
Fertility
Life Expectancy
Age Structure
Migration

6. Changes in Population Size
Immigration- the movement of people into a country
Emigration- the movement of people out of a country.
Net migration rate- the difference between immigration and emigration in a give year per 1,000 people in the country.

7. Changes in Population Size
Crude birth rate (CBR)= the number of births per 1,000 individuals per year.
Crude death rate (CDR)= the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year.
Global population growth rate =
(CBR- CDR)/ 10
National population growth rate =
(CBR+ immigration) - (CDR + emigration)/ 10
Doubling time (in years)= 70/growth rate

8. Crude Birth Rates Compared
>30- considered high
< 18- considered low
Global = 20
Germany = 8
Niger =50
US= 14

9. Fertility
Total fertility rate- an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear.
Replacement level fertility- the total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population and for the current population size to remain stable.

10. Fertility
Developed countries- countries with relatively high levels of industrialization and income.
Developing countries- countries with relatively low levels of industrialization and income of less that $3 per person per day.

11. Female education and TFR
Female literacy and school enrollment are correlated with total fertility rate.
More-educated women have fewer children.

12. 2. RLF for a couple is
1.0
2.0
2.1
3.0
Varies depending on country

13. Life Expectancy
Life expectancy- the average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate of that country.

14. Life Expectancy
Infant mortality rate- the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births.
Child mortality rate- the number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 live births.

15. Age Structure
Age structure diagrams (population pyramids)- visual representations of age structure within a country for males and females.

17. Migration High migration rates can also cause a country to grow.
Figi: -8/ 1000

18. 3: Which country is undergoing rapid population growth?B A

19. The Demographic Transition
The theory of the demographic transition is the theory that as a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence, it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth.

20. The Stages of the Demographic Transition
Phase 1(Pre-Industrial): Slow population growth because there are high birth rates and high death rates which offset each other.
Phase 2(Transitional): Rapid population growth because birth rates remain high but death rates decline due to better sanitation, clean drinking water, increased access to food and goods, and access to health care.
Phase 3 (Industrial): Stable population growth as the economy and educational system improves and people have fewer children.
Phase 4 (Post- Industrial): Declining population growth because the relatively high level of affluence and economic develop encourage women to delay having children.

22. 4. 5.

23. 6. Using the demographic transition model, which stage would be characteristic of death rates falling while birth rates remain high?
Pre-industrial
Industrial
Post-industrial
Transitional
None of the above

24. 7: In a human population undergoing the demographic transition, which of the following generally decreases first?
Birth rate
Death rate
Avg. family size
Life expectancy
Level of education

25. Family Planning
Family planning- the regulation of the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control.

26. What Is Family Planning?
Definition
Measures (tools) enabling parents to control the number of children they have (if they so desire)
Goals of Family Planning
Not to limit births
For couples to have healthy children
For couples to be able to care for their children
For couples to have the number of children that they want

28. Population Momentum
A population will continue to grow for a period of time after efforts to reduce birth rates because there will still be high numbers of women in their reproductive years.

29. The 12 Most Populous Countries in the World

30. The relationship between economic development and population growth rate for developing nations.

31. 8. The number of children an average woman would have, assuming that she lives her full reproductive lifetime, is known as the –
a. Birth rate
b. Crude birth rate
c. TFR
d. RLF
e. Zero population growth

32. Ecological Footprints
Affluence - having a lot of wealth such as money, goods, or property.

33. 9. The average American’s ecological footprint is approximately
The size of a shoe
0.5 acres
3 acres
5 acres
9 acres

34. The IPAT Equation
To estimate the impact of human lifestyles on Earth we can use the IPAT equation:
Impact= Population X Affluence X Technology

35. The wealth gap
Residents of developed nations have larger houses, more possessions, and more money than residents of developing nations.
The richest 20% of the world’s people consumes 86% of its resources, and has > 80 times the income of the poorest 20%.

38. Three Most Populous Countries
China- 1.3 Billion
India- 1.2 Billion
Positioned to surpass China by 2030
More people living in India than the entire western hemisphere
US- 300 Million

39. The Impact of Affluence
Gross domestic product (GDP)- the value of all products and services produced in a year in that country.
GDP is made up of consumer spending, investments, government spending, and exports minus imports.
A countries GDP often correlates with its pollution levels.

40. 10. Which of the following would most likely have the greatest positive impact on the quality of the natural environment worldwide?
Discovery of new reserves of fossil fuel in coastal areas
Increased agricultural production on marginal desert lands
Increased life expectancy in more developed nations
Increased reliance on food from ocean ecosystems
Stabilization or reduction of the size of the human population

41. 11. Which of the following factors is associated with the highest potential for population growth?
High percentage of people under age 18
High percentage of people in their 30’s
High percentage of people in their 50’s
High percentage of people in high-income groups
High percentage of people in low-income groups