2. 1. What is the history of human population growth and how many people are likely to be on this planet by 2050? -For most of human history, the population grew at a slow rate until about 200 years ago when advances in medicine and technological advances caused the population to explode into exponential growth. -There is an expectancy of about 8.9 billion people by the year 2050 for the world.

3. -The world’s current population is about 6.8 billion (U.S. has about 310 million).  To find out how to get the population in a certain year use the rule of 70. To do this divide 70 by the growth rate percentage to get the number of years it will take to get the population.  For example: If the growth rate of China is 10% per year, the Rule of 70 predicts it would take 7 years (70/10) for China’s growth to double.

4. 2. How is population size affected by birth, death, fertility, and migration rates? -Higher fertility and birth rates causes higher population increases. -Higher immigration rates can also increase the population size. -Higher death rates and emigration rates causes the population to decrease.

5. 3. How is population size affected by the percentage of males and females at each age level? -In developing countries, the number of younger people exceeds the number of older people, creating a pyramid like graph. -Developed countries have a more balanced/equal distribution of people among the age groups. -Developing countries typically have a higher death rate as age increases causing populations to go down.

6. 4. How can we slow population growth? -We could provide universal access to family planning services and reproductive health care. -Reducing poverty would sharply reduce birth rates. -Providing condoms to poor countries. -Help countries develop and implement policies that benefit reducing reproduction rates and please people.

7. -Provide universal education programs that target young adults that may become sexually active. -Sharply reduce unsustainable patterns of production and consumption.

8. 5. What success have India and China had in slowing population growth? -India has had modest success with their 1 st program that was implemented recently, the population still increases. -China has had large success in reducing population growth but also implements “harsh” regulations to keep the population down.

9. 6. What are the major impacts of human activities on the world’s natural ecosystem? -Human activities result in a reduction in biodiversity such as: burning of forests, killing of animals for food, and pollution from waste products. -We use some renewable resources faster than they can be replenished. -We rely on fossil fuels that highly pollute. -Increasing use of the earth’s net primary productivity.

10. 1. Age Structure- Percentage of the population at each level in a population 2. Birth Rate/Crude Birth Rate- Annual number of lives per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of the year 3. Death Rate/Crude Death Rate- Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of the year

11. 4. Demographic Transition- Hypothesis that countries have declines in death rates followed by birth rates 5. Family Planning- Providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they would have 6. Fertility- Number of births that occur to an individual woman 7. Infant Mortality Rate- number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year who die before their first birthday

12. 8. Life Expectancy- Average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live 9. Migration- Movement of people into and out of a specific geographic area 10. Population Change- Increase or decrease in the size of a population 11. Replacement Level Fertility- Number of children a couple must have to replace themselves 12. Total Fertility Rate- Estimate of the average number of children who will be born alive to a woman in her lifetime