Cognitive Learning Theory - Tolman Observational Learning - Bandura Chapter 7 Notes Part III Cognitive Learning Theory - Tolman Observational Learning - Bandura

Updating Skinner’s Understanding What did he miss? I. Skinner’s emphasis on external control of behavior made him an influential, but controversial figure. Many psychologists criticized Skinner for underestimating the importance of cognitive and biological constraints. A. We learn to expect things from our environment. Our environment doesn’t control us. B. Learning is an internal (cognitive) AND an external (environmental) process.

Cognitive Maps Cognitive Maps (E.C. Tolman) A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it The “hover” test Stumble through your house at night in the dark Know which roads to follow to get to your friend’s house

Cognitive Approach This approach emphasizes abstract and subtle learning that could not be achieved through conditioning or social learning alone. Some learning is not intentional, but occurs almost accidentally—a situation called latent learning. Learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Expectancies are beliefs about our ability to perform an action and to get the desired reward. Expectancies affect learning.

Latent Learning

Observational Learning Observational Learning (Albert Bandura) learning by observing and imitating others Modeling process of observing and imitating a specific behavior ChildrenSee.wmv Social Learning Socio-Cognitive Learning Prosocial Behavior positive, constructive, helpful behavior opposite of antisocial behavior

This series of photographs shows children observing and modeling aggressive behavior. Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment

Observational Learning Mirror Neurons frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy Yawning Modeling Autism

DiscPsy p.195

Famous last words??? Do what I say, not what I do— This will teach you to hit your brother— Why do you do that, you know you get in trouble for it— MSOffice Clip art

Cognition and Operant Conditioning Overjustification Effect the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task If you are intrinsically motivated to do something, then an extrinsic reward will actually DECREASE both learning AND motivation. Nunzi Preschool Art https://explorable.com/print/overjustification- effect

Cognition and Operant Conditioning Intrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective Extrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments

Applications of Operant Conditioning School Work Home