Agenda  Talk about yesterday  Answer any questions about project  Notes over French Revolution  Writing the red down  Go over Chapter 11 Test  Time to work on timeline project and yesterdays assignment

Bell Work  What is a revolution?  Why do people start revolutions?

Learning Goal  Students will be able to explain the events that sparked the French Revolution.  Students will be able to explain some of the arguments for a representative government.

The French Revolution -Key Concepts-

1. What is liberty? 2. Define equality 3. What was the dual revolution? 4. What is aristocracy? 5. Name the 3 estates and their role in society. 6. What was the Storming of Bastille? 7. What was the Declaration of Rights of Man? 8. What is Radicalism or extremism? 9. Why was Maximilien’s reign called the Reign of Terror? 10. What was the directory? 11. How did Napoleon gain power and rule France? 12. Explain Napoleon’s greatest accomplishment.

Liberty Liberty  The notion of individual human rights  A new type of government in which the people are sovereign (They have a Say)  The importance of a representative assembly  The importance of a written constitution  Freedom to accumulate property

Equality Equality  Equality of rights and civil liberties  Equality before the law  No special privileges for the rich  Equality of opportunity  “Careers Open to Talent”  Inherent tension between liberty and equality

Roots of Liberalism  English Enlightenment Foundation  Life, Liberty & Property  Locke’s Notion of the Rights of Englishmen

“A Dual Revolution”  The French Revolution was the inaugural European revolution  The French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution together transformed the western world  This “Dual Revolution” changed everything politically, socially and economically  Triumph of European states and economies globally  The Modern Era was inaugurated by the Dual Revolution

“The Atlantic Revolution”  French Revolution was a part of a whole series of revolutions which took place during the late 18 th century --Political agitation in England, Ireland, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland and the American colonies  One big movement of revolutionary agitation

British North America  “All Men are Created Equal”  The significance of the American constitution  The influence of the American Revolution  The impact of the American Revolution

The French Revolution  More fundamental and profound consequences than the American Revolution  France = most powerful and populous state in Europe  Massive social revolution  Worldwide impact  Becomes model for future revolutions

Origins  Began as a revolt for individual rights  Aristocracy: is a form of government, in which a few of the most prominent citizens rule. This may be a hereditary elite, or it may be by a system  Aristocracy refused and forces the issue

Origins  Attempt to capitalize on the financial woes of the monarchy  Only solution = tax reform and a direct tax on all property  Aristocracy refused and forces the issue

Estates-General  An old feudal assembly that had not met since 1614  Three Estates: 1 Clergy, 2 Nobility, 3 Commoners  The significance of the voting procedure  The miscalculation and lack of social awareness of the aristocracy

Three Estates

Third Estate  Who were they?  Third Estate was dominated by the middle class  Bourgeoisie: Top of the class. Lawyers, Merchants Doctors.  Middle class = Big Winners  Revolutionary goals of the middle class

Agenda of Classical Liberalism  Representative government did not mean democracy or “mob rule”  Estates-General became the National Assembly in June of 1789 with the power to frame a constitution --Tennis Court Oath

Agenda  Look At the board To see the weeks agenda!  Website 

“Revolutionaries in the Streets” “Revolutionaries in the Streets”  Who were they?  “Sans-culottes” (without knee britches)  Picked up the ideas and slogans of the Revolution from the more educated leadership of lawyers and journalists

What were the Motivations of these Revolutionaries?  Poverty and Hunger  Low wages and fear of unemployment  Heightened expectations and the exposure to a political perspective -- “Cahiers”  Strong dislike for and distrust of the wealthy  The role of conspiracy

Storming the Bastille Storming the Bastille  Events of the night of July 13, 1789  Reasons for the attack on the Bastille the next morning  The stubbornness of the governor of the fortress  Celebrations on the night of July 14 th  Sparks tremendous popular revolution all over France

“The Great Fear”  Independent revolutionary agitation in the countryside  Rumors of Royalist troops becoming wandering vandals  Fear breeds fear and peasants start marching  Within 3 weeks of July 14, the countryside of France had been completely changed  Abolition of the Nobility

Declaration of the Rights of Man — August 27, 1789

The Court Returns to Paris  Mounting unemployment and hunger in Paris in the fall of 1789  “October Days” -- “The point is that we want bread!”  Women nearly killed the Queen Marie Antoinette  The Royal Family returns to Paris on October 6, 1789

The Consolidation of the Liberal Revolution  Events from October, 1789 through September, 1791  Constitutional Monarchy established  Economic centralization  Universal Manhood Suffrage.  Every adult could vote

Popular Political Mobilization  Revolutionary Talk --More than 500 new newspapers --Oath of Loyalty -- “Liberte, Equalite, Fraternite!”  Revolutionary Symbols  Revolutionary Clubs --The Jacobins

Growing Radicalism  Reasons: --Snowball Effect --Unsatisfied Expectations --Outbreak of War  Results: --Increasing Violence --Change in Political Leadership

Effects of the French Revolution  Both the King and Queen were beheaded  French monarchy no more

Maximilien Robespierre’s Reign of Terror  The Committee of Public Safety  The Concept of “Total War”  Maximum price ceilings on certain goods  Nationalization of Small Workshops

Reign of Terror  Execution of 40,000 “Enemies of the Nation”  Stress on radical definition of equality  Wanted a legal maximum on personal wealth  Wanted a regulation of commercial profits  End of Robespierre’s dictatorship on July 28, 1794

Directory Directory  The Directory ( )  Weak 5 directors  Argued  Corrupt  Lead to a military dictatorship  Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte  Napoleon’s Rise to Power  Short man, but a strong personality.  New tactics used on the battlefield.  Placement of troops  Treatment of Troops  They were housed in better facilities  More food & Money  Better treatment

Napoleon’s Rise to Power  Became a loved hero!  Belief that he could win wars against anyone.  Government was weak-  “I found the crown of France laying on the ground, and I picked it up with my sword”

Consulate  Napoleon- dictator unlimited power  Controlled military  Placement of officials  Created the Plebiscite  Vote yes or no  Voters approves constitution

Major Accomplishments  Napoleonic Code  Establishment of the Bank of France  Created schools  Reconciliation with the Catholic Church  Concordat of 1801  Reunited France and the Roman Catholic Church  Freedom of religion

Napoleon's defeats  Russia- he would try to defeat Russia  Long brutal war lost 2/3 of his 600,000 troops  Further military defeats would lead to him giving up the throne and being granted freedom and the ability to live on Elba Island by Italy.  Louis XVI brother Louis XVIII would take over.

Agenda  Bell Work  Finish Notes French Revolution  Go over French Revolution Notes Packet  Start French Revolution Newspaper Project

Bell Work  MME Napoleon Forges an Empire 1.What happened to Maximilien Robespierre? 2.How did Napoleon describe his take over of France? 3.Why was Napoleon defeated in Russia?

Hundred Days  Napoleon would gain strength and attack Louis XVII.  Gained control  All European countries would mount an attack against him.  Steps down and is held on St. Helena where he would eventually die.

Legacies of the French Revolution  Revolutionary model  Mass political consciousness  Varying interpretations of the Revolution --Conservative View: Edmund Burke --Liberal View: Thomas Jefferson  Conflict within the Liberal Tradition