Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon 11 Introduction to Social Psychology
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Why do we like some people more than others?
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon How can you tell if another person is attracted to you?
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon In most mammalian species, a female raises offspring with no help from the male. Why is Homo sapiens one of the rare exceptions?
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Why are males more physically violent than females?
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Space Blaster Doomsday Version 2.5 Does playing violent video games increase aggressiveness?
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Chapter Outline What is Social Psychology? Major Theoretical Perspectives Basic Principles of Social Behavior How Psychologists Study Social Behavior How Social Psych Fits into the Network of Knowledge What is Social Psychology? Major Theoretical Perspectives Basic Principles of Social Behavior How Psychologists Study Social Behavior How Social Psych Fits into the Network of Knowledge
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon What is Social Psychology? Social psychology - the scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Scientific Description and Explanation Social Psychology, like any science, involves: Description - careful and reliable observation Explanation - development of theories that connect and organize observations Social Psychology, like any science, involves: Description - careful and reliable observation Explanation - development of theories that connect and organize observations
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Scientific Description & Explanation Theories are scientific explanations that Connect and organize existing observations Suggest fruitful paths for future research Theories are scientific explanations that Connect and organize existing observations Suggest fruitful paths for future research
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Sociocultural Evolutionary Social Learning Social Learning Social Cognitive Social Cognitive Major Theoretical Perspectives
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Sociocultural Perspective Sociocultural perspective - a theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in influences from larger social groups
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Sociocultural Perspective What drives social behavior? Forces in larger social groups such as: norms within cultural groups social class differences nationality/ethnicityfads What drives social behavior? Forces in larger social groups such as: norms within cultural groups social class differences nationality/ethnicityfads
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Sociocultural Perspective Sociocultural theorists might ask: What are the differences in social behavior across cultures? For example, women in some societies marry more than one man (polyandry). Sociocultural theorists might ask: What are the differences in social behavior across cultures? For example, women in some societies marry more than one man (polyandry).
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Sociocultural Perspective Social norm - a rule or expectation for appropriate social behavior Culture - the beliefs, customs, habits, and language shared by the people living in a particular time and place Social norm - a rule or expectation for appropriate social behavior Culture - the beliefs, customs, habits, and language shared by the people living in a particular time and place
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon esearch Culture, Choice, and Intrinsic Motivation American culture teaches children to cherish their own individual choice and independence But Asian culture emphasizes more collective values – viewing the self as interdependent with family and social group. American culture teaches children to cherish their own individual choice and independence But Asian culture emphasizes more collective values – viewing the self as interdependent with family and social group.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon esearch Culture, Choice, and Intrinsic Motivation In one study, researchers asked Anglo- American and Asian-American children to solve word puzzles that were either: Chosen by the child (Personal Choice) Chosen by the experimenter Chosen by the child’s mom In one study, researchers asked Anglo- American and Asian-American children to solve word puzzles that were either: Chosen by the child (Personal Choice) Chosen by the experimenter Chosen by the child’s mom
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Personal Choice Iyengar & Lepper, 1999 Experimenter Choice But Asian-American children were more motivated when their mothers had chosen the task Number of Word Puzzles Completed Anglo American Personal choice enhanced motivation for Anglo-American children Asian American Mom Choice
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Evolutionary Perspective Evolutionary perspective - a theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in the physical and psychological predispositions that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Evolutionary Perspective What drives social behavior? Genetic predispositions inherited from our ancestors that promoted their survival and reproduction, such as: The tendency to automatically recognize an angry face The tendency for mothers to feel protective of their children What drives social behavior? Genetic predispositions inherited from our ancestors that promoted their survival and reproduction, such as: The tendency to automatically recognize an angry face The tendency for mothers to feel protective of their children
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Evolutionary Perspective Natural selection - the process by which characteristics that help animals survive and reproduce are passed on to their offspring
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Natural Selection Animals with features suited to the demands of the environment will survive better than those with less well-adapted features. Those well-adapted animals will reproduce more successfully. Animals with features suited to the demands of the environment will survive better than those with less well-adapted features. Those well-adapted animals will reproduce more successfully.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Evolutionary Perspective Adaptation - a characteristic well designed for survival and reproduction in a particular environment
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Evolutionary Perspective Evolutionary theorists might ask: Are there similarities in social behavior across species? What are the similarities in social behavior across cultures and historical periods? Evolutionary theorists might ask: Are there similarities in social behavior across species? What are the similarities in social behavior across cultures and historical periods?
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon esearch Age Preferences in Mates One example of a seemingly universal feature of social behavior is the difference between men and women in the preference for younger versus older partners The next slide shows the minimum and maximum ages specified in singles ads in the U.S. One example of a seemingly universal feature of social behavior is the difference between men and women in the preference for younger versus older partners The next slide shows the minimum and maximum ages specified in singles ads in the U.S.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon s s s30s40s50s60s s30s40s50s60s MALE'S AGE FEMALE'S AGE DIFFERENCE FROM TARGET'S AGE TARGET'S AGE Oldest preferred Youngest preferred Kenrick & Keefe, Behavioral & Brain Sciences, (1992). Young men show no particular preference for younger partners, but older men prefer partners younger than themselves Women of all ages ask for men around their own age or older
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon s s s30s40s50s60s s30s40s50s60s MALE'S AGE FEMALE'S AGE DIFFERENCE FROM TARGET'S AGE TARGET'S AGE Oldest preferred Youngest preferred Kenrick & Keefe, Behavioral & Brain Sciences, (1992). Marriages show a similar pattern
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon s 30s 40s >50 MALE'S AGE FEMALE'S AGE 10s20s30s40s >5010s DIFFERENCE FROM TARGET'S AGE TARGET'S AGE Oldest preferred Youngest preferred Phoenix Singles Ads The same pattern was found on a remote island in the Philippines throughout the century PORO
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Social Learning Perspective Social learning perspective - a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on past learning experiences as determinants of a person’s social behaviors
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Social Learning Perspective What drives social behavior? Classically conditioned preferences For example, the feeling of fear at sight of person who hit you. Habits rewarded by other people For example, a boy who fights frequently after his father praised him for winning fight with neighborhood bully. What drives social behavior? Classically conditioned preferences For example, the feeling of fear at sight of person who hit you. Habits rewarded by other people For example, a boy who fights frequently after his father praised him for winning fight with neighborhood bully.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Social Learning Perspective Imitating the rewarded behavior of others For example, buying a gun after seeing a movie in which the hero wins true love after shooting half the people in his girlfriend’s neighborhood. Imitating the rewarded behavior of others For example, buying a gun after seeing a movie in which the hero wins true love after shooting half the people in his girlfriend’s neighborhood. What drives social behavior?
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Learning Violence From Video Games One team of researchers hypothesized violent video games may make aggression rewarding, by allowing person to win points for killing & maiming human-like opponents (Anderson & Dill, 2000).
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Learning Violence From Video Games In an experiment, students first played a violent video game (Wulfenstein) or a nonviolent game (Tetrix). They then played a competitive game in which they could retaliate against real opponents by delivering unpleasantly loud blasts of noise. In an experiment, students first played a violent video game (Wulfenstein) or a nonviolent game (Tetrix). They then played a competitive game in which they could retaliate against real opponents by delivering unpleasantly loud blasts of noise.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Nonviolent Anderson & Dill, 2000 Violent Retaliatory Aggression (unpleasant noise level) Students who played a violent video game demonstrated significantly higher levels of retaliatory aggression Type of Videogame
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Social Cognitive Perspective Social cognitive perspective - a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on the mental processes involved in paying attention to, interpreting, and remembering social experiences
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Social Cognitive Perspective What drives social behavior? What we pay attention to How we interpret and judge social situations What we retrieve from memory People notice the behaviors of group members who are in a minority, and exaggerate the significance of the things they do. What drives social behavior? What we pay attention to How we interpret and judge social situations What we retrieve from memory People notice the behaviors of group members who are in a minority, and exaggerate the significance of the things they do.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon From Chump to Champ Research on social cognition suggests that our memory processes are often biased to make ourselves feel good For example, Anne Wilson and Michael Ross (2001) asked students to: Describe yourself as you are now, or As you were several years ago. Research on social cognition suggests that our memory processes are often biased to make ourselves feel good For example, Anne Wilson and Michael Ross (2001) asked students to: Describe yourself as you are now, or As you were several years ago.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Past Wilson & Ross, 2001 Now Frequency of Self- Descriptions Students described their present selves as champs, with more positive and fewer negative features than the chumps they used to be Self-Description 2 2 (+) (-)
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Sociocultural Perspective Evolutionary What Drives Social Behavior? Social Learning Social Cognitive
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Forces in larger social groups such as: norms, fads, social class, ethnic identity, Sociocultural Perspective Evolutionary What Drives Social Behavior? Social Learning Social Cognitive
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Genetic predispositions that promoted our ancestors’ survival and reproduction, such as: the bond between parent and child Sociocultural Perspective Evolutionary What Drives Social Behavior? Social Learning Social Cognitive
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Classically conditioned preferences; Habits rewarded by others; Imitation of behavior we have seen rewarded in others Sociocultural Perspective Evolutionary What Drives Social Behavior? Social Learning Social Cognitive
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon What we pay attention to; How we interpret and judge social situations; What we retrieve from memory Sociocultural Perspective Evolutionary What Drives Social Behavior? Social Learning Social Cognitive
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Basic Principles of Social Behavior Social behavior is goal oriented. Social behavior represents a continual interaction between the person and the situation. Social behavior is goal oriented. Social behavior represents a continual interaction between the person and the situation.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Social Behavior is Goal Oriented At the surface level, we have many day-to-day goals. Go shopping Study for a test Get a date for Saturday night. Etc. At the surface level, we have many day-to-day goals. Go shopping Study for a test Get a date for Saturday night. Etc.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon To establish social ties To understand ourselves and others To gain and maintain status To defend ourselves and those we value To attract and retain mates Social Behavior is Goal Oriented At the broadest level, we can categorize social goals into fundamental motives-
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon The Interaction between the Person and the Situation By person psychologists mean the features or characteristics that individuals carry into social situations. By situation psychologists mean the environmental events or circumstances outside the person. Persons and situations influence one another in a number of ways. By person psychologists mean the features or characteristics that individuals carry into social situations. By situation psychologists mean the environmental events or circumstances outside the person. Persons and situations influence one another in a number of ways.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation 1. Different Situations Activate Different Parts of the Person Example: Around your professor, you may show your intellectual side; around an old friend who did not go to college; you may suppress it. 1. Different Situations Activate Different Parts of the Person Example: Around your professor, you may show your intellectual side; around an old friend who did not go to college; you may suppress it.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation 2. Persons Choose Their Situations Example: Violence-prone people choose to watch violent films; less violent people do not. 2. Persons Choose Their Situations Example: Violence-prone people choose to watch violent films; less violent people do not.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation 3. Different persons respond differently to the same situation Example: You may see a party as a welcome chance to make new friends; another person may see the same party at an unbearable ordeal. 3. Different persons respond differently to the same situation Example: You may see a party as a welcome chance to make new friends; another person may see the same party at an unbearable ordeal.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation 4. Situations Choose the Person Not everyone gets to enter every situation they would like. Example: A tall person is more likely to be encouraged to play basketball; a short person to be a jockey. 4. Situations Choose the Person Not everyone gets to enter every situation they would like. Example: A tall person is more likely to be encouraged to play basketball; a short person to be a jockey.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation 5. Persons Change The Situation Example: A highly extraverted person can change a boring party into the social event of the season. 5. Persons Change The Situation Example: A highly extraverted person can change a boring party into the social event of the season.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation 6. Situations Change the Person Example: After four years of college, your intellectual inclinations will probably be more prominent. 6. Situations Change the Person Example: After four years of college, your intellectual inclinations will probably be more prominent.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon How Psychologists Study Social Behavior Hypothesis - a researcher’s prediction about what he or she will find
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon How Psychologists Study Social Behavior Descriptive methods involve attempts to measure or record behaviors, thoughts, or feelings in their natural state. Experimental methods uncover causes of behavior by systematically varying some aspect of the situation. Descriptive methods involve attempts to measure or record behaviors, thoughts, or feelings in their natural state. Experimental methods uncover causes of behavior by systematically varying some aspect of the situation.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Naturalistic Observation Case Studies ArchivesArchives SurveysSurveys Psychological Tests Descriptive Methods Social psychologists use five major types of descriptive methods-
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Descriptive Methods: Naturalistic Observation Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior as it unfolds in its natural setting. Advantages: Behaviors are spontaneous. Doesn’t rely on people’s ability to report on their own experiences. Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior as it unfolds in its natural setting. Advantages: Behaviors are spontaneous. Doesn’t rely on people’s ability to report on their own experiences.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Descriptive Methods: Naturalistic Observation Disadvantages: Researcher may interfere with ongoing behavior. Some interesting behaviors are very rare. Observer bias - the researcher may selectively attend to certain events and ignore others This method is time consuming. Disadvantages: Researcher may interfere with ongoing behavior. Some interesting behaviors are very rare. Observer bias - the researcher may selectively attend to certain events and ignore others This method is time consuming.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Descriptive Methods: Case studies Case studies involve intensive examination of a single person or group. Advantages: Rich source of hypotheses Allows studies of rare behaviors Case studies involve intensive examination of a single person or group. Advantages: Rich source of hypotheses Allows studies of rare behaviors
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Descriptive Methods: Case studies Disadvantages: Observer bias. Difficult to generalize findings from a single case. Impossible to reconstruct causes from complexity of past events. Disadvantages: Observer bias. Difficult to generalize findings from a single case. Impossible to reconstruct causes from complexity of past events.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Researchers can also examine archives, or public records of social behaviors. Advantages: Easy access to large amounts of pre-recorded data. Disadvantages: Many interesting social behaviors are never recorded. Researchers can also examine archives, or public records of social behaviors. Advantages: Easy access to large amounts of pre-recorded data. Disadvantages: Many interesting social behaviors are never recorded. Descriptive Methods: Archives
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Descriptive Methods: The Survey Method The survey method involves asking people questions about their beliefs and behaviors. Advantages: Allows cost-effective study of difficult- to-observe behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. The survey method involves asking people questions about their beliefs and behaviors. Advantages: Allows cost-effective study of difficult- to-observe behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Descriptive Methods: The Survey Method Disadvantages: People who respond may not be representative. Social desirability bias - tendency for people to say what they believe is appropriate or acceptable Disadvantages: People who respond may not be representative. Social desirability bias - tendency for people to say what they believe is appropriate or acceptable
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Descriptive Methods: Psychological Tests Psychological tests involve attempts to assess an individual’s abilities, cognitions, motivations, or behaviors. Advantages: Allows measurement of characteristics that are not always easily observable Psychological tests involve attempts to assess an individual’s abilities, cognitions, motivations, or behaviors. Advantages: Allows measurement of characteristics that are not always easily observable
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Descriptive Methods: Psychological Tests Disadvantages: Tests may be unreliable (yielding inconsistent scores). Tests may be reliable, but not valid (not measuring the actual characteristics they are designed to measure). Disadvantages: Tests may be unreliable (yielding inconsistent scores). Tests may be reliable, but not valid (not measuring the actual characteristics they are designed to measure).
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Descriptive Methods The descriptive methods are useful in determining correlation. Correlation - extent to which two or more more variables are associated with one another Correlation coefficient - a mathematical expression of the relationship between two variables The descriptive methods are useful in determining correlation. Correlation - extent to which two or more more variables are associated with one another Correlation coefficient - a mathematical expression of the relationship between two variables
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Descriptive Methods If we know two variables are highly correlated (e.g., ice cream sales are up on days when drowning incidents are highest), can we determine the causal relationship between them?
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Variable A (ice cream) Variable A (ice cream) Variable B (drowning) Variable B (drowning) Descriptive Methods Variable A could cause Variable B. (Eating ice cream could cause cramps, which could lead to drowning) Variable A could cause Variable B. (Eating ice cream could cause cramps, which could lead to drowning)
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Variable B (drowning) Variable B (drowning) Variable A (ice cream) Variable A (ice cream) Descriptive Methods Variable B could cause Variable A. (Parents could buy kids more ice cream to console them after their friends drown) Variable B could cause Variable A. (Parents could buy kids more ice cream to console them after their friends drown)
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Variable B (drowning) Variable B (drowning) Variable A (ice cream) Variable A (ice cream) Variable C (heat) Variable C (heat) Descriptive Methods Or a third variable could cause A and B. (Heat leads people to eat ice cream and to swim, but the two aren’t directly linked) Or a third variable could cause A and B. (Heat leads people to eat ice cream and to swim, but the two aren’t directly linked)
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Experimental Methods To determine causality we must turn to experimental methods.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Experimental Methods An experiment is a research method in which the researcher sets out to systematically manipulate one source of influence while holding others constant.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Experimental Methods Independent variable - the variable manipulated by the experimenter Dependent variable - the variable measured by the experimenter Independent variable - the variable manipulated by the experimenter Dependent variable - the variable measured by the experimenter
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Experimental Methods Random assignment - assigning participants so that each person has an equal chance of being in any experimental condition
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Experimental Methods Internal validity - the extent to which an experiment allows confident statements about cause and effect External validity - the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other circumstances Internal validity - the extent to which an experiment allows confident statements about cause and effect External validity - the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other circumstances
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Experimental Methods Confound - a variable that systematically changes along with the independent variable, potentially leading to a mistaken conclusion about the independent variable
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Experimental Methods Social psychologists use two major types of experimental methods: Laboratory experiments Field experiments Social psychologists use two major types of experimental methods: Laboratory experiments Field experiments
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Experimental Methods: Laboratory Experiments Laboratory experiments involve the direct manipulation of (independent) variables and the observation of their effects on the behavior of other (dependent) variables.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Experimental Methods: Laboratory Experiments Advantages: Allows cause-effect conclusions Allows control of extraneous variables Advantages: Allows cause-effect conclusions Allows control of extraneous variables
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Experimental Methods: Laboratory Experiments Disadvantages: Artificial situations may not represent relevant events as they naturally unfold (subjects’ responses may not be natural, since they know they are being observed). Disadvantages: Artificial situations may not represent relevant events as they naturally unfold (subjects’ responses may not be natural, since they know they are being observed).
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Experimental Methods: Field Experiments Field experiments involve the manipulation of independent variables using unknowing participants in natural settings.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Experimental Methods: Field Experiments Advantages: Allow cause-effect conclusions. Subjects give more natural responses. Disadvantages: Although participants don’t know they’re being observed, situation still unusual. Less control of extraneous factors than in laboratory experiments. Advantages: Allow cause-effect conclusions. Subjects give more natural responses. Disadvantages: Although participants don’t know they’re being observed, situation still unusual. Less control of extraneous factors than in laboratory experiments.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Experimental Methods Demand characteristics - cues that make subjects aware of how the experimenter expects them to behave
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Ethical Issues The American Psychological Association’s ethical guidelines for research includes: 1. Obtaining informed consent. Informed consent - research subject’s agreement to participate after being informed of any potential risks and his or her right to withdraw at any time without penalty The American Psychological Association’s ethical guidelines for research includes: 1. Obtaining informed consent. Informed consent - research subject’s agreement to participate after being informed of any potential risks and his or her right to withdraw at any time without penalty
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Ethical Issues 2.Fully debriefing subjects after the research is completed. Debriefing - discussion of procedures, hypotheses, and subject reactions at the completion of the study 2.Fully debriefing subjects after the research is completed. Debriefing - discussion of procedures, hypotheses, and subject reactions at the completion of the study
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Ethical Issues 3. Institutional Review Board evaluates the costs and benefits of the research procedures.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon How Does Social Psychology Fit into the Network of Knowledge? Social psychology is closely connected to other sub-disciplines of psychology, including developmental, personality, clinical, cognitive, and physiological psychology.
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Developmental Area of Psychology Personality Clinical Example of Common Question Neuroscience Environmental Cognitive
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Does early exposure to televised violence lead to increased aggressiveness in later years? Area of Psychology Example of Common Question Developmental Personality Clinical Neuroscience Environmental Cognitive
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon What individual differences predict success in marital relationships? Area of Psychology Example of Common Question Developmental Personality Clinical Neuroscience Environmental Cognitive
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon How do social dilemmas contribute to overpopulation and environmental destruction? Area of Psychology Example of Common Question Developmental Personality Clinical Neuroscience Environmental Cognitive
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon Can we improve unhappy relationships by studying how happy couples interact? Area of Psychology Example of Common Question Developmental Personality Clinical Neuroscience Environmental Cognitive
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon How do attention- demanding distractions contribute to our ability to resist persuasive messages? Area of Psychology Example of Common Question Developmental Personality Clinical Neuroscience Environmental Cognitive
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon How do different brain mechanisms influence aggression? Area of Psychology Example of Common Question Developmental Personality Clinical Neuroscience Environmental Cognitive
Copyright © 2004 by Allyn and Bacon How Does Social Psychology Fit into the Network of Knowledge? Social psychology also connects to other disciplines, including basic research sciences like biology and anthropology as well as applied fields like organizational behavior and education.