1 The Peopling of the World, Prehistory–2500 B.C. QUIT 1 CHAPTER The Peopling of the World, Prehistory–2500 B.C. Chapter Overview Time Line SECTION 1 Human Origins in Africa GRAPH SECTION 2 Humans Try to Control Nature MAP SECTION 3 Patterns of Change: Civilization Visual Summary

1 The Peopling of the World, Prehistory–2500 B.C. HOME 1 CHAPTER The Peopling of the World, Prehistory–2500 B.C. Chapter Overview Human beings first emerge in East Africa. As they evolve, they develop complex technology and spread over most of the world. In some areas, people develop agriculture and settled villages, some of which eventually grow into complex cities and develop the five traits of civilization.

1 The Peopling of the World, Prehistory–2500 B.C. HOME Time Line CHAPTER The Peopling of the World, Prehistory–2500 B.C. Time Line 4,000,000 B.C. First hominids appear in Africa. 1,600,000 B.C. Homo erectus appears. 8000 B.C. Neolithic Age begins; first agriculture takes place. 2600 B.C. City of Ur flourishes in Sumer. 4,000,000 B.C. 2500 B.C. 2,500,000 B.C. Paleolithic Age begins. 40,000 B.C. Cro-Magnons appear. 3000 B.C. Bronze Age begins in Mesopotamia.

Human Origins in Africa HOME 1 Human Origins in Africa Key Idea The first hominids emerge in East Africa about 3.6 million years ago. They gradually develop large brains and learn to make tools and use fire, which allows them to spread over the earth. Overview Assessment

Human Origins in Africa HOME 1 Human Origins in Africa TERMS & NAMES Overview • artifact • culture • hominid • Paleolithic Age • Neolithic Age • technology • Homo sapiens MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Fossil evidence shows that the earliest humans originated in Africa. Early humans’ discoveries helped them survive, grow in numbers, and spread across the globe. Assessment

Human Origins in Africa HOME 1 Human Origins in Africa Section 1 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the advances, discoveries, and inventions of hominids. Australopithecines Homo erectus Neanderthals Cro-Magnons Upright walking, opposable thumb Toolmaking, mastery of fire, language Burial rights, care of their disabled, building of shelters Advanced hunting and language skills continued . . .

Human Origins in Africa HOME 1 Human Origins in Africa Section 1 Assessment 2. How do recent findings keep revising knowledge of the prehistoric past? THINK ABOUT • modern scientific methods • the way various species of hominids are classified • dates relating to hominids ANSWER Possible Responses: • By providing more accurate dates relating to when and where various hominids originated By providing scientific evidence supporting how hominids are classified into different species continued . . .

Human Origins in Africa HOME 1 Human Origins in Africa Section 1 Assessment 3. Which of the following skills—toolmaking, the use of fire, or the development of language—do you think gave hominids the most control over their environment? Why? THINK ABOUT • the kinds of tools early humans developed • the various uses of fire • the benefits of language ANSWER Possible Responses: • Toolmaking, because it enabled hominids to hunt game and build shelters. Fire, because it allowed hominids to survive in cold climates. Language, because it helped hominids coordinate hunts and other tasks. End of Section 1

Humans Try to Control Nature HOME 2 Humans Try to Control Nature GRAPH Key Idea People gradually give up hunting and gathering and learn to cultivate crops, domesticate animals, and live in settled villages. Some villages grow and prosper, developing complex social and economic systems that set the stage for the development of civilization. Overview Assessment

Humans Try to Control Nature HOME 2 Humans Try to Control Nature GRAPH TERMS & NAMES Overview • nomad • hunter-gatherer • Neolithic Revolution • slash-and-burn farming • domestication MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The development of agriculture spurred an increase in population and the growth of a settled way of life. New methods for obtaining food and the development of technology laid the foundations for modern civilizations. Assessment

Development of Agriculture HOME 2 Humans Try to Control Nature GRAPH Section 2 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the effects of the development of agriculture. Development of Agriculture Rise in population Emergence of farming villages More available food More cultural developments New farming tools More stable communities continued . . .

Humans Try to Control Nature HOME 2 Humans Try to Control Nature GRAPH Section 2 Assessment 2. Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places? THINK ABOUT • the migrations of early peoples • changes in the earth’s climate • a rise in human population ANSWER Possible Responses: • Global warming trends resulted in longer growing seasons; a rich supply of grain helped support a population boom. A rise in population placed pressure on hunter-gatherers, who had migrated throughout the world, to find new sources of food. End of Section 2

Civilization Key Idea CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer 3 HOME 3 Civilization PATTERNS OF CHANGE CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer MAP Key Idea Large cities develop well-defined social systems and powerful institutions. Eventually they develop the five characteristics of civilization. One of the first cities to develop civilization is Ur in Sumer. Overview Assessment

Civilization Overview CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer 3 • civilization HOME 3 Civilization PATTERNS OF CHANGE CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer MAP TERMS & NAMES Overview • civilization • specialization • artisan • institution • scribe • cuneiform • Bronze Age • barter • ziggurat MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Prospering agricultural villages, food surpluses, and new technology led to the rise of civilizations. Contemporary civilizations share the same character-istics typical of ancient civilizations. Assessment

Civilization 3 CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer 3 HOME 3 Civilization PATTERNS OF CHANGE CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer MAP Section 3 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the five characteristics of civilization and give an example from Ur. Example from Ur Characteristics of Civilization 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Advanced Cities Ur’s population of about 30,000 people Specialized Workers Traders, artisans, and scribes Complex Institutions Religion under the authority of priests Record Keeping Cuneiform tablets Advanced Technology Irrigation systems continued . . .

Civilization 3 CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer 3 HOME 3 Civilization PATTERNS OF CHANGE CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer MAP Section 3 Assessment 2. In what ways does the ziggurat of Ur reveal that Sumerians had developed an advanced civilization? THINK ABOUT • the skills required to build the monument • the various purposes of the ziggurat • its location ANSWER Possible Responses: Builders and engineers in Ur had the advanced technology to design a complex building. Religion played an important role in people’s lives. Ur was an advanced city. End of Section 3