5 Classical Greece, 2000 B.C. –300 B.C. QUIT 5 CHAPTER Classical Greece, 2000 B.C. –300 B.C. Chapter Overview Time Line SECTION 1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea MAP SECTION 2 Warring City-States SECTION 3 Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age SECTION 4 Alexander—Empire Builder GRAPH SECTION 5 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture Visual Summary

5 Classical Greece, 2000 B.C. –300 B.C. HOME 5 CHAPTER Classical Greece, 2000 B.C. –300 B.C. Chapter Overview The early Mediterranean cultures set standards in the arts, law, government, and sciences that are spread by Alexander the Great and eventually have a profound influence on the thought and institutions of Western nations.

5 Classical Greece, 2000 B.C. –300 B.C. HOME Time Line 2000 B.C. CHAPTER Classical Greece, 2000 B.C. –300 B.C. Time Line 2000 B.C. Minoan civilization prospers on Crete. About 1200 B.C. Trojan War takes place. 479 B.C. Greece triumphs in Persian Wars. 2000 B.C. 300 B.C. 1500 B.C. Mycenaean culture thrives on Greek mainland. 750 B.C. Greek city-states flourish. 334 B.C. Alexander starts to build his Empire.

Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Key Idea 1 HOME 1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Key Idea The island cultures of Minoa and Crete develop in the Mediterranean, while Greek-speaking peoples, separated by mountainous terrain, establish individual city-states. Overview Assessment

Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Overview 1 • Mycenaeans HOME 1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea TERMS & NAMES Overview • Mycenaeans • Trojan War • Dorians • Homer • epics • myths MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Physical geography caused separate groups of Greek-speaking peoples to develop isolated societies. The seeds of much of Western cultural heritage were planted during this time period. Assessment

Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea 1 1 HOME 1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Section 1 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List examples of how geography affected early Greek civilization. Geographic Feature Effects Sea United parts of Greece; sea trade was important as Greece had few natural resources. Land Mountains made transportation, communication among cities difficult; small, independent communities developed; poor resources spurred growth of colonies; poor food production limited population growth. Climate Moderate climate allowed for an outdoor lifestyle, open-air discussions. continued . . .

Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea 1 1 HOME 1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Section 1 Assessment 2. Why did the lack of writing represent a setback to the development of Greek civilization? THINK ABOUT • Minoan and Mycenaean accomplishments • uses of writing • other forms of communication ANSWER Possible Responses: • No means to record information • Communication limited to oral means—trade suffered • Limited ability to transmit knowledge and culture to succeeding generations continued . . .

Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea 1 1 HOME 1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Section 1 Assessment 3. Why do you think that early Greek epics and myths are so well known and studied in today’s society? THINK ABOUT • arete • Greek ideals compared to ideals in today’s world • early Greeks’ purpose of storytelling ANSWER Possible Response: America idealizes virtue and the individual, or the hero, just as Greece did; people are still intrigued by the mysteries of nature. End of Section 1

Warring City-States Key Idea 2 HOME 2 Warring City-States MAP Key Idea Rival city-states develop distinct political systems. Athens takes its first steps toward democracy, and Sparta develops into a military state. Overview Assessment

Warring City-States Overview 2 • polis • acropolis • monarchy HOME 2 Warring City-States MAP TERMS & NAMES Overview • polis • acropolis • monarchy • aristocracy • oligarchy • phalanx • tyrant • helot • democracy • Persian Wars MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Many political systems in today’s world mirror the varied forms of government that evolved in Greece. The growth of city-states in Greece led to the development of several political systems, including democracy. Assessment

HOME 2 Warring City-States MAP Section 2 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major battles of the Persian Wars in Greece. For each battle, include the victor. First Battle Second Battle Third Battle Fourth Battle Battle at Marathon Athenians Salamis Athenians Confrontation at Thermopylae Persians Plataea Plain Spartans continued . . .

HOME 2 Warring City-States MAP Section 2 Assessment 2. How was living in Athens different from living in Sparta? THINK ABOUT • roles of citizens • type/form of government • societal values ANSWER Possible Responses: • Athens had built a democracy, Sparta was ruled by kings and was a military state For men, daily life in Athens was centered around the polis; in Sparta, daily life for men was centered around military training • Athenians valued beauty, individuality, and freedom of thought; Spartans valued duty, strength, and discipline. End of Section 2

Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age Key Idea 3 HOME 3 Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age Key Idea Athens reaches a golden age in the arts, science, economics, and military power. War with Sparta and a plague bring an end to Athenian achievement. Overview Assessment

Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age Overview 3 • direct democracy HOME 3 Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age TERMS & NAMES Overview • direct democracy • classical art • tragedy • comedy • Peloponnesian War • philosophers • Socrates • Plato • Aristotle MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Democratic principles and classical culture flourished during Greece’s golden age. At its height, Greece set lasting standards in art, politics, literature, and philosophy that are still adhered to today. Assessment

Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age 3 3 HOME 3 Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age Section 3 Assessment 1. List Pericles’ three goals for Athens. Give at least one example for each. Pericles’ Goals Strengthen Athens’ democracy: Increased number of paid officials, increased citizen participation Glorify Athens: Hired artists, built architectural projects and the Parthenon Hold and strengthen empire: Built navy through Delian League’s funds, protected overseas trade continued . . .

Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age 3 3 HOME 3 Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age Section 3 Assessment 2. Socrates believed in absolute standards for truth and justice. Sophists believed that standards of truth and justice are in the eye of the beholder. What is your opinion? THINK ABOUT • differences in values • purpose of law • circumstances ANSWER • Agree with the Sophists: Many cultural differences exist in the world; only one set of rules for justice and truth would not work because people would rebel. • Agree with Socrates: Standards exist for what is right and wrong; governing people in this way is more feasible because everyone knows what is expected. Possible Responses: continued . . .

Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age 3 3 HOME 3 Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age Section 3 Assessment 3. How does the concept of “hubris” from Greek tragedy apply to the Peloponnesian War? THINK ABOUT • Spartans’ and Athenians’ opinion of themselves • why “hubris” is a tragic flaw • why the war started ANSWER “Hubris” means the excessive pride that often leads to the downfall of a hero. Athens under Pericles was excessively proud of its sea power and seriously underestimated Sparta. Possible Response: End of Section 3

Alexander— Empire Builder Key Idea 4 HOME 4 Alexander— Empire Builder Key Idea Alexander conquers Greece, Persia, and Egypt and extends his empire to the Indus River. He spreads Greek culture throughout the empire. Overview Assessment

Alexander— Empire Builder Overview 4 • Philip II • Macedonia HOME 4 Alexander— Empire Builder TERMS & NAMES Overview • Philip II • Macedonia • Demosthenes • Alexander the Great • Darius III MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Alexander the Great conquered Persia and Egypt and extended his empire to the Indus River in northwest India. Alexander’s empire extended across three continents that today consist of many nations and diverse cultures. Assessment

Alexander— Empire Builder Alexander’s Rule 4 4 HOME 4 Alexander— Empire Builder Section 4 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe how far north, south, east, and west Alexander ruled. Alexander’s Rule North West South East Macedonia Greece India Egypt continued . . .

Alexander— Empire Builder 4 4 HOME 4 Alexander— Empire Builder Section 4 Assessment 2. If Alexander had lived, do you think he would have been as successful in ruling his empire as he was in building it? THINK ABOUT • skills needed for military leadership • skills needed to govern an empire • Alexander’s demonstrated abilities ANSWER Possible Responses: • Yes. His ability to govern points to his intelligence and ability to lead. • No. He had an inflexible attitude, and military skills are not the same as political skills. End of Section 4

The Spread of Hellenistic Culture Key Idea 5 HOME 5 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture GRAPH Key Idea Hellenistic culture, a blend of Greek and other cultures, flourishes throughout Greece, Egypt, and Asia. Its achievements have a lasting influence on Western Europe. Overview Assessment

The Spread of Hellenistic Culture Overview 5 • Hellenistic HOME 5 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture GRAPH TERMS & NAMES Overview • Hellenistic • Alexandria • Euclid • Archimedes • Colossus of Rhodes MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Hellenistic culture, a blend of Greek and other influences, flourished throughout Greece, Egypt, and Asia. Western civilization today continues to be influenced by diverse cultures. Assessment

The Spread of Hellenistic Culture 5 5 HOME 5 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture GRAPH Section 5 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List Hellenistic achievements in each of the four categories shown below. Category Achievements astronomy Disproved the belief that the sun was smaller than Greece, advanced the theory that earth revolves around sun geometry Euclid’s The Elements, calculation of pi philosophy Stoicism, Epicureanism art Realism in sculpture, Colossus of Rhodes continued . . .

The Spread of Hellenistic Culture 5 5 HOME 5 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture GRAPH Section 5 Assessment 2. Describe how the growth of Alexander’s empire spread Greek culture. THINK ABOUT • public vs. private art • realistic vs. ideal representations • the decline of the polis ANSWER Possible Response: Greek culture and language traveled with Alexander’s armies. Many Greek and Macedonian merchants, artisans, and officials settled in the lands that he conquered and the colonies that he established. continued . . .

The Spread of Hellenistic Culture 5 5 HOME 5 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture GRAPH Section 5 Assessment 3. The Hellenistic culture brought together Egyptian, Greek, Persian, and Indian influences. How is American culture a combination of different influences? Give examples of those influences. THINK ABOUT • American immigration • geographic regions/influences • your own cultural background ANSWER Possible Response: The United States has attracted peoples from many cultures. Their various religions, foods, languages, customs, and traditions have blended into or added to U.S. culture. End of Section 5