1. Classical Greece

2. Why Study Ancient Greece? ■While civilization began in the fertile river valleys of Asia and Africa, the first “classical civilizations” emerged along the Mediterranean Sea in ancient Greece and Rome. From a series of independent city-states, such as Athens and Sparta, Classical Greece achieved a high level of cultural achievement in math, science, philosophy, theater, and government based on democracy. This “Hellenistic” culture was spread by Alexander the Great who conquered the Greeks, Egyptians, and Persians. From the nearby Italian peninsula, the classical civilization of Rome emerged, first as a republic ruled by elected senators. Later, after an era of intense expansion and corruption, Rome became an empire led by an emperor. Like the Greeks, the Romans developed a series of significant achievements in government, law, architecture, engineering, and religion based on Christianity. Like the classical cultures of Gupta India and Han China, much of the “Greco-Roman” achievements of the classical era are still used today.

3. ■ Essential Question: – What role did geography play in the development of classical Greece? ■ Warm-Up Question: – What do you think of when I say “Greece”?

4. After the river valley era, a number of classical civilizations developed in the Mediterranean and in Asia Classic cultures created high levels of achievement in art, science, & technology that impacted future ages The first major classical civilization was ancient Greece

5. Impact of Geography on Greece: Identify 1 geographic feature & propose how it might impact the culture of Greece

7. Trade ■Greece’s lack of natural resources & location on the Mediterranean Sea encouraged Greek trade with neighboring societies

9. Mountains covered about 75% of Greece which divided the people & made unifying the Greek people nearly impossible

10. The Greeks developed independent city-states, called polis, within each valley & its surrounding mountains Polis

11. Greek Culture ■ Despite their lack of unity, the Greeks shared some common characteristics: – Greeks shared the same language – Greek writing was influenced by the Phoenician alphabet & became the basis for Latin

12. Greeks were polytheistic & believed that the gods were immortal but had human qualities; Religion became the basis for Greek mythology Zeus Zeus King of the gods Athena Athena Goddess of wisdom Aphrodite Aphrodite Goddess of love Apollo Apollo God of sun & music Ares Ares God of war Hades Hades God of underworld Hera Hera Goddess of family Poseidon Poseidon God of the seas

13. Agora & Acropolis ■Most Greek city-states had an agora that was the center for trade & government ■City-states had an acropolis, a temple on a hill dedicated to a sacred god

14. Most Greek city-states had an agora that was the center for trade & government City-states had an acropolis, a temple on a hill dedicated to a sacred god

15. Despite similar language & religion, the Greek polis were very different from each other, especially how they were governed Differences Among Greek City-States

16. Some polis had a monarchy, a gov’t ruled by a king

17. Differences Among Greek City-States Some polis had an aristocracy, a gov’t ruled by elite nobles Practiced in Corinth

18. Differences Among Greek City-States Some polis like Sparta had an oligarchy, a gov’t ruled by a small group of citizens

19. Differences Among Greek City-States Some polis like Athens had a direct democracy, a gov’t ruled by citizens who vote on decisions

20. Closure Activity ■ Consider the different types of governments we learned about today (monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, & direct democracy). Which type of political system would you like to live in? Which type would be the worst to live in? Explain why in a ½ page paragraph.

21. The Greek city-states Athens & Sparta represented the differences among polis ■ Athenian society focused on wealth & culture: – Athens had a direct democracy in which both rich & poor citizens could vote & hold public office

22. Athenian society focused on wealth & culture Architects built the Parthenon to honor the goddess Athena

23. Athenian society focused on wealth & culture Artists created realistic sculptures Theater had both comedies & tragedies

24. Athenian society focused on wealth & culture Philosophers Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle questioned assumptions & the use of logic to find answers to questions

25. The Greek city-states Athens & Sparta represented the differences among polis ■ Spartan society focused on military strength, not freedom & learning – Spartan men served in the military until 60 years old – Boys began military training at age 7 – Women ran family estates while men trained or fought

26. Spartans showed their strength during the Persian Wars

27. Athens & Sparta competed for influence in Greece & developed a strong rivalry that eventually led to the Peloponnesian War Sparta defeated Athens, but the war weakened the Greeks

28. Closure Activity ■ Where would you rather live: Athens or Sparta? Why?