20.2 Classification of Plants KEY CONCEPT Plants can be classified into nine phyla.

20.2 Classification of Plants Mosses and their relatives are seedless nonvascular plants. Nonvascular plants: –must grow close to the ground to absorb water and nutrients. –rely on free-standing water for reproduction.

20.2 Classification of Plants Plant GroupPhylum NamesCommon Names HepatophytaLiverworts Seedless nonvascular AnthocerphytaHornworts BryophytaMosses Seedless vascularLycophytaClub mosses PterophytaFerns CycadophytaCycads Cone-bearing seed plants GinkgophytaGinkgo ConiferaConifers Flowering seed plants AnthophytaAngiosperm Liverworts belong to phylum Hepatophyta. often grow on wet rocks or in greenhouses

20.2 Classification of Plants Plant GroupPhylum NamesCommon Names HepatophytaLiverworts Seedless nonvascular AnthocerphytaHornworts BryophytaMosses Seedless vascularLycophytaClub mosses PterophytaFerns CycadophytaCycads Cone-bearing seed plants GinkgophytaGinkgo ConiferaConifers Flowering seed plants AnthophytaAngiosperm Hornworts belong to phylum Anthocerophyta. – found in tropical forests and along streams – flat, lobed body with little green “horns”

20.2 Classification of Plants Plant GroupPhylum NamesCommon Names HepatophytaLiverworts Seedless nonvascular AnthocerphytaHornworts BryophytaMosses Seedless vascularLycophytaClub mosses PterophytaFerns CycadophytaCycads Cone-bearing seed plants GinkgophytaGinkgo ConiferaConifers Flowering seed plants AnthophytaAngiosperm Mosses belong to phylum Bryophyta. –most common seedless nonvascular plants

20.2 Classification of Plants Club mosses and ferns are seedless vascular plants. A vascular system allows club mosses and ferns to grow higher off the ground. Both need free-standing water for reproduction.

20.2 Classification of Plants Plant GroupPhylum NamesCommon Names HepatophytaLiverworts Seedless nonvascular AnthocerphytaHornworts BryophytaMosses Seedless vascularLycophytaClub mosses PterophytaFerns CycadophytaCycads Cone-bearing seed plants GinkgophytaGinkgo ConiferaConifers Flowering seed plants AnthophytaAngiosperm Club mosses belong to phylum Lycophyta. –not true mosses –oldest living group of vascular plants

20.2 Classification of Plants Plant GroupPhylum NamesCommon Names HepatophytaLiverworts Seedless nonvascular AnthocerphytaHornworts BryophytaMosses Seedless vascularLycophytaClub mosses PterophytaFerns CycadophytaCycads Cone-bearing seed plants GinkgophytaGinkgo ConiferaConifers Flowering seed plants AnthophytaAngiosperm Ferns and their relatives belong to phylum Pterophyta. frond fiddlehead –whisk ferns and horsetails are close relatives of ferns –ferns have large leaves called fronds

20.2 Classification of Plants Seed plants include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants. Seed plants have several advantages over their seedless ancestors. –can reproduce without free-standing water, via pollination –pollination occurs when pollen meets female plant parts –seeds nourish and protect plant embryo –seeds allow plants to disperse to new places

20.2 Classification of Plants Gymnosperms do not have seeds enclosed in fruit. –most gymnosperms are cone-bearing and evergreen. –the cone is reproductive structure of most gymnosperms. –pollen is produced in male cones. –eggs are produced in female cones. –seeds develop on scales of female cones.

20.2 Classification of Plants Plant GroupPhylum NamesCommon Names HepatophytaLiverworts Seedless nonvascular AnthocerphytaHornworts BryophytaMosses Seedless vascularLycophytaClub mosses PterophytaFerns CycadophytaCycads Cone-bearing seed plants GinkgophytaGinkgo ConiferaConifers Flowering seed plants AnthophytaAngiosperm –look like palm trees with large cones –grow in tropical areas Cycads are gymnosperms in phylum Cycadophyta.

20.2 Classification of Plants Plant GroupPhylum NamesCommon Names HepatophytaLiverworts Seedless nonvascular AnthocerphytaHornworts BryophytaMosses Seedless vascularLycophytaClub mosses PterophytaFerns CycadophytaCycads Cone-bearing seed plants GinkgophytaGinkgo ConiferaConifers Flowering seed plants AnthophytaAngiosperm Ginkgos are gymnosperms in phylum Ginkgophyta. –only one species alive today, Ginkgo biloba –grown in gardens and used in urban landscaping

20.2 Classification of Plants Plant GroupPhylum NamesCommon Names HepatophytaLiverworts Seedless nonvascular AnthocerphytaHornworts BryophytaMosses Seedless vascularLycophytaClub mosses PterophytaFerns CycadophytaCycads Cone-bearing seed plants GinkgophytaGinkgo ConiferophytaConifers Flowering seed plants AnthophytaAngiosperm –most common gymnosperms alive today –includes pines, spruce, cedar, fir, and juniper Conifers are gymnosperms in phylum Coniferophyta.

20.2 Classification of Plants Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in some type of fruit. –A flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms. –A fruit is a mature ovary of a flower. Angiosperms, or flowering plants, belong in phylum Anthophyta.

20.2 Classification of Plants Plant GroupPhylum NamesCommon Names HepatophytaLiverworts Seedless nonvascularAnthocerphytaHornworts BryophytaMosses Seedless vascularLycophytaClub mosses PterophytaFerns CycadophytaCycads Cone-bearing seed plants GinkgophytaGinkgo ConiferophytaConifers Flowering seed plantsAnthophytaAngiosperm