1. KEY CONCEPT Plant life began in the water and became adapted to land.

2. Land plants evolved from green algae.
Plants and green algae have many common traits.
photosynthetic
eukaryotes
same types of chlorophyll
use starch as a storage product
have cell walls with cellulose

3. Genetic analysis points to the common ancestor of all plants.
extinct green algae species in Class Charophyceae
modern charophyceans common in lakes and ponds

4. Important plant characteristics likely originated in charophyceans.
multicellular body allowing for specialization of cells and tissues
cell division that allows for chemical communication between cells
reproduction involving sperm swimming to egg

5. True plants have embryos that develop while attached to female parent.
True plants evolved through natural selection.
Ancestral charophyceans lived in areas of shallow water.
Those that could survive longer dry periods were favored.
First true plants probably grew at edges of water.
True plants have embryos that develop while attached to female parent.

6. True plants evolved through natural selection.

7. Phylogeny of plants Gymnosperms (cone-bearers) Angiosperms
(Flower-bearers)
Ferns
Mosses
Fruits
Seeds
Vascular tissue
embryos
Green algae ancestor
similar to charophyceans
Some biologists think that the
green algae should be
considered in the plant kingdom.

8. Plants have adaptations that allow them to live on land.
Challenges of living on land have selected for certain plant adaptations.
1) A cuticle allows plants to retain moisture.
waxy, waterproof layer
holds moisture in

9. Stomata are tiny holes in the cuticle.
can open and close
allow air to move in and out

10. collection of specialized conducting tissues
2) A vascular system allows resources to move to different parts of the plant.
collection of specialized conducting tissues
brings water and mineral nutrients up from roots
disperses sugars from the leaves
allows plants to grow higher off the ground
sugars
water and mineral nutrients

11. 3) Lignin allows plants to grow upright.
plant cells
lignin
hardens cell walls of some vascular tissues
provides stiffness to stems

12. 3) Pollen grains allow for reproduction without free-standing water.
pollen grains contain a cell that divides to form sperm
pollen can be carried by wind or animals to female structures

13. 4) A seed is a storage device for a plant embryo.
seed coats protect embryos from drying wind and sunlight
embryo develops when environment is favorable

14. Plants evolve with other organisms in their environment.
1) Plants and other organisms can share a mutualistic relationship.
a mutualism is an interaction in which two species benefit
plant roots and certain fungi (mycorhizzae) and bacteria
flowering plants and their animal pollinators

15. 2) Plants have adaptations that prevent animals from eating them.
spines and thorns
defensive chemicals

16. KEY CONCEPT Plants can be classified into nine phyla (sometimes called divisions). “Phyte” means plant.

17. Mosses and their relatives are seedless nonvascular plants.
Nonvascular plants grow close to the ground to absorb water and nutrients.
rely on free-standing water for reproduction (sperm swim)

18. Liverworts
belong to phylum Hepatophyta because they look like little livers ( “hepato”)
“phyte” means plant
often grow on wet rocks or in greenhouses

19. Hornworts belong to phylum Anthocerophyta.
found in tropical forests and along streams
flat, lobed body with little green “horns” that
produce spores.

20. Mosses belong to phylum Bryophyta.
most common seedless nonvascular plants
Often look like clumps of grass
Do not have true leaves but some have cuticles and stomata
They have rhizoids for anchoring.

21. Sphagnum moss
sphagnum moss commonly used by humans as “peat”
Does not decay when it dies, so thick deposits are called “peat”, which can be burned for fuel, around plants to absorb water, used for its antibacterial properties

22. Club mosses, horsetails, and ferns are seedless vascular plants.
A vascular system allows club mosses and ferns to grow higher off the ground.
Both need free-standing water for reproduction.
Club mosses belong to phylum Lycophyta.
not true mosses
oldest living group of vascular plants

23. Ferns and their relatives belong to phylum Pterophyta.
ferns have large leaves called fronds
frond
fiddlehead
Fiddleheads are unfurled fronds

24. whisk ferns and horsetails are close relatives of ferns

25. Horsetails
Horsetails – grow in wetland areas and along rivers and streams
Used by settlers to scrub pots due to silica in their cell walls

26. Seed plants include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants.
Seed plants have several advantages over their seedless ancestors.
can reproduce without free-standing water, via pollination
seeds nourish and protect plant embryo
allow plants
to disperse
to new places

27. Seeds – contain the embryo and a supply of food, can remain dormant until conditions are right

28. Gymnosperms do not have seeds enclosed in fruit.
most gymnosperms are cone-bearing and evergreen.
the cone is reproductive structure of most gymnosperms.
Two types of cones:
- Male cones produce
pollen
- Female cones produce
eggs
seeds develop on scales of female cones.

29. Cycads are gymnosperms in phylum Cycadophyta.
look like palm trees with large cones
grow in tropical areas

30. Ginkgos are gymnosperms in phylum Ginkgophyta.
grown in gardens and used in urban landscaping
may be oldest living species of seed plants

31. Conifers are gymnosperms in phylum Coniferophyta.
most common gymnosperms alive today
includes pines, spruce, cedar, fir, and juniper

32. Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in some type of fruit.
A flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms.
A fruit is a mature ovary of a flower.
Angiosperms, or flowering plants, belong in phylum Anthophyta.

33. Fruits are mature ovaries in plants. They contain seeds.

34. Flowering plants have unique adaptations that allow them to dominate in today’s world.
Flowers allow for efficient pollination.
animals feed on pollen or nectar
pollen is spread from plant to plant in process

35. Fruit allows for efficient seed dispersal.
Fruit is flower’s ripened ovary
Surrounds and protects seed(s)
Many forms, each function in seed dispersal

36. Botanists classify flowering plants into two groups based on seed type.
A cotyledon is an embryonic “seed leaf.”
Monocots have a single seed leaf.
leaf veins usually parallel
flower parts usually in multiples of 3
bundles of vascular tissue scattered in stem

37. Dicots have two seed leaves.
leaf veins usually netlike
flower parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5
bundles of vascular tissue in rings in stem

38. Monocot or dicot flower?

39. Monocot or dicot leaves?

40. Monocot and dicot names comes from the number of seed leaves or cotyledons

41. Flowering plants are also categorized by stem type and lifespan.
Stem type can be woody or herbaceous.
Wood is a fibrous material made up of dead vascular cells.
Wood has high concentrations of lignin and cellulose.
Woody stems are stiff.
Herbaceous plants do not
produce wood.

42. There are three types of plant life spans.
Annuals mature from seed, flower, and die in one year.
Wheat

43. Biennials take two years to complete their life cycle. Ex - carrots
Foxglove

44. Perennials live more than two years.
Azaleas
dandelion
Big bluestem

45. Agriculture provides stable food supplies for people in permanent settlements.
Botany is the study of plants.
Ethnobotany explores how people in different cultures use plants.

46. People started planting for harvest about 10,000 years ago.
wild species “tamed” through artificial selection
farming requires people to stay in one place
farming helped more socially complex centers develop
Teosinte

47. Plant products contribute to economy on a global scale today.
grains, coffee, sugar, cotton, forest products
billions of dollars of plant products traded each year
HowStuffWorks Videos "The World of Plants: Raw Materials"

48. Plant compounds are essential to modern medicine.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on the body.
Many drugs are derived from plants.
Salicin from willow trees is used in aspirin.
Alkaloids are potent plant chemicals that contain nitrogen.
Alkaloids such as taxol
have anti-cancer
properties.
HowStuffWorks Videos "The World of Plants: Plants and Medicine"

49. Some medical research focuses on properties of plant compounds.
studies plants used medicinally in traditional cultures
develop synthetic drugs based on plant compounds
Scientists Look to Plants for New Medicines