WHEN DNA MAKES A COPY OF ITSELF. IN THE NUCLEUS!

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Presentation transcript:

WHEN DNA MAKES A COPY OF ITSELF. IN THE NUCLEUS!

 GENES ARE A SMALL SECTION OF DNA THAT CODES FOR A PARTICULAR TRAIT.

 ALL LIVING THINGS:  ARE MADE UP OF CELLS  RESPOND TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT  REPRODUCE  REQUIRE NUTRIENTS  GROW AND DEVELOP  HAVE DNA

 A POLYPEPTIDE OR A PROTEIN!

THE “READING” OF A GENE IN DNA TO PRODUCE A PROTEIN (POLYPEPTIDE) AT THE RIBOSOME IN THE CYTOPLASM.

 AN AMINO ACID!

 mRNA MAKES A “COPY” OF A SECTION OF DNA (A GENE). THE DIFFERENCE IS THAT “U” IS SUBSTITUTED FOR “T”

 IN THE NUCLEUS! NUCLEUS

 mRNA takes the information from the DNA in the nucleus out to the ribosome.  DNA is too large to do it on it’s own. It cannot leave the nucleus.  mRNA sends the “message” for the DNA.

 3’UAGCUUGUC5’

 3’AUGCCCAAU5’

 3’TACGTGATG5’

 NONE OF THE GENES COULD BE TRANSCRIBED – SO NONE OF THE GENES WOULD BE EXPRESSED.  IT IS GENE EXPRESSION THAT ALLOWS CELLS TO BE SPECIALIZED AFTER DIFFERENTIATION SO…………….  YOUR NAILS WOULD STOP GROWING.  YOUR HAIR WOULD STOP GROWING.  YOU WOULDN’T BE ABLE TO DIGEST FOOD OR MAKE NEW BLOOD CELLS.  YOUR SKIN WOULDN’T BE ABLE TO REPAIR SCRAPES.  YOU COULDN’T BUILD MUSCLE In other words none of your cells could do their jobs.

 DURING TRANSLATION, THE mRNA BRINGS THE CODE OUT TO THE RIBOSOME, WHERE THE CODE IS READ BY tRNA AND THE AMINO ACIDS ARE BONDED TOGETHER IN THE RIGHT ORDER.

 AT THE RIBOSOME OUT IN THE CYTOPLASM!

 TO CONNECT THE RIGHT AMINO ACID TO THE RIGHT CODON DURING TRANSLATION.

 A THREE-LETTER SEGMENT OF RNA THAT CODES FOR A PARTICULAR AMINO ACID.

 THR-VAL-TYR-LEU GENETIC CODE/CODON CHART

 MET-LEU-GLU-STOP

 Histidine

 A CHANGE IN THE SEQUENCE OF DNA NUCLEOTIDES IN A GENE

POINT MUTATION  CHANGES IN AN INDIVIDUAL GENEDUE TO MISCOPYING ONE OR MORE NUCLEOTIDES FRAME-SHIFT MUTATION  DELETION OR INSESRTION OF A NUCLEOTIDE RESULTS IN SHIFTING OF THE READING FRAME ALL TOGETHER.

POINT MUTATION: THE CAT ATE THE FAT RAT THE CAT ATE THE FAT CAT FRAME-SHIFT MUTATION THE CAT ATE THE FAT RAT THE CAA TET HEF ATC AT

 ONE OF THE STRANDS HAS URACIL WHERE THERE SHOULD BE AN ADENINE.

 A mutation occurred - UUU-UUA-UGU-UGG-UGA) WAS CHANGED TO UUU-UUA-UUU-UGG-UGA  THERE WAS A SUBSTITUTION OF ONE BASE RESULTING IN THE CHANGE OF ONE AMINO ACID.

Changing any single base is a substitution. For instance: C-A-T-C-A-T-A-A-T

 GENE EXPRESSION:  CERTAIN GENES ARE SWITCHED ON, WHILE OTHERS ARE LEFT OFF….  FOR EXAMPLE, RATS DON’T USUALLY GROW HUMAN EARS ONTHEIR BACKS….