1. RNA
Ribonucleic Acid

2. Structure of RNA Single stranded Ribose Sugar 5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

3. Types of RNA Three main types
Messenger RNA (mRNA) – delivers DNA code to ribosomes for translation.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) – transfers amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – Ribosomes are made of rRNA and protein.

4. Transcription
RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into complementary sequence in RNA, a process called transcription.
During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of mRNA.

5. How Does it Work?
RNA Polymerase looks for a region on the DNA known as a promoter, where it binds and begins transcription.
RNA strands are then edited.

6. The Genetic Code This is the language of mRNA.
Based on the 4 bases of mRNA.
“Words” are the 3 RNA sequences called codons.
The strand aaacguucgccc would be separated as aaa-cgu-ucg-ccc.
The amino acids would then be Lysine – Arginine – Serine - Proline

7. Genetic Codes

8. Translation
During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.
Transcription occurs in nucleus.
mRNA moves to the cytoplasm then to the ribosomes. tRNA “read” the mRNA and obtain the amino acid coded for.
Ribosomes attach amino acids together forming a polypeptide chain.
Polypeptide chain keeps growing until a stop codon is reached.

9. Mutations Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene.
Chromosomal mutations involve changes to whole chromosomes.

10. Gene Mutation
Point Mutation – Affects one nucleotide occurring at a single point on the gene. Usually one nucleotide is substituted
for another nucleotide.
Frameshift Mutation – Inserting an extra nucleotide or deleting a nucleotide causes the entire code to “shift”.

11. Gene Mutation

12. Chromosomal Mutations
Deletion – part of a chromosome is deleted
Duplication – part of a chromosome is duplicated
Inversion – the chromosome twists excessively and inverts the code.
Translocation – genetic information is traded between two adjacent chromosomes.

13. Chromosomal Mutations