1. Translation The decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (aka a protein) is the known as translation The process begins when the mRNA reaches a Ribosomes. – As each codon of the mRNA molecule moves through the Ribosome, the proper amino acid is brought to the Ribosome by a tRNA

2. tRNA Each tRNA carries only one kind of amino acid. – Besides the amino acid, tRNA also has a anticodon An anticodon: are three unpaired bases that are complemnetary to one mRNA codon

3. Assembling of the Protein The Ribosome only has room for two tRNA. – The ribosome forms a peptide bond between the two amino acids At the same time it breaks the bond with first tRNA and the ribosome moves down to the next codon – The polypeptide chain continues to grow until the ribosome gets to the stop codon on the mRNA and releases the polypeptide chain.

4. Gene Mutation Mutation are any changes to your DNA Point Mutation – one nucleotide substituted for another the fat cat ate the rat the fat car ate the rat

5. Frameshift Mutation - frameshift mutation – a nucleotide is either inserted or deleted from a gene - all of the DNA triplets from the point of mutation onward are altered. deletion: the fat cat ate the rat the ftc ata tet her at insertion: the fat cat ate the rat the fan tca tat eth era t