1. DNA,RNA,protein synthesis

2. DNA Model / 3.1
Using Chapter 11 in the textbook, answer the first three questions on the activity sheet. (5min.)
Create one model of 4 nucleotides as a table.
Reminders:
Label the front of all pieces as you cut them out.
Build the individual nucleotides first before you connect them.
Ask for confirmation before gluing or taping (#2-4)

3. Deoxyribonucleic Acid. DNA is the code for making proteins
Deoxyribonucleic Acid. DNA is the code for making proteins. Proteins make you who you are 
Found in all cells!!!!!!!!!!! Only eukaryotes keep DNA in a nucleus.
What is it made of? The monomer of DNA is a nucleotide - deoxyribose, phosphate, and one base form a DNA nucleotide.
Draw one!

4. The 4 nucleotides of DNA If you are building a DNA model that contains 4 unique nucleotides, how many sugars would you need? How many phosphates? How many bases?

5. Formation-Twisted Ladder or Double Helix
two nucleotides pair up in the middle to make a “rung”
Each “rung” must be the same size.
Therefore the base pairing rules are:
Adenine binds with Thymine
Guanine binds with Cytosine
These are held together by WEAK hydrogen bonds.
Strong bonds hold the sides together (sugar-phosphates)

7. Hierarchy Genome-the entire set of an organisms DNA
Chromosome-Chromatid-Chromatin-Gene-Codon-Nucleotide
As you move through this list the size gets smaller.

8. DNA/RNA/Replication Diagram / 3.1 25 pts.
Read the sections labeled: DNA-The Double Helix
Color diagram 1. Follow the colors in the reading.
10 min.
Read the section labeled: DNA Replication
Color diagram 2. Follow all colors from the reading.
Read the section labeled: Messenger RNA
Color code diagram 3.
Answer questions #1-18 in your notebook.
20 minutes.

9. Copying the entire set of DNA in an organism.
DNA Replication
Copying the entire set of DNA in an organism.
When would an organism need to replicate the DNA in cells?
In preparation for mitosis
IN THE NUCLEUS:
Each single strand of DNA acts as a template for the new strand.
Enzymes control DNA replication. DNA polymerase.
2 DNA strands now consists of a new and old strand. This is called semi-conservative replication.

11. RNA
Ribonucleic Acid – Read and highlight how RNA is different from DNA.
Color!
The monomer of RNA is a nucleotide.
ribose, phosphate, and one base form a RNA nucleotide.
Bases in RNA
Cytosine binds with Guanine
Adenine binds with Uracil (what??!!)
RNA is responsible for using the DNA code to create proteins.
RNA is single stranded most of the time so it can move in and out of the nucleus.

13. Types of RNA
mRNA (messenger)-takes the message for proteins out of the nucleus
tRNA (transfer)-transfers in the amino acids
rRNA (ribosomal)-makes the ribosome

14. This process takes two steps: Transcription and Translation
Building A Protein
A gene is a sequence of nucleotide bases that code for a protein (a few hundred to thousands).
Nucleotides  codons  genes  proteins  traits
This process takes two steps:
Transcription and Translation
DNA is transcribed (read) into RNA
RNA is translated into a protein

15. Transcription
DNA is split and the code is copied into mRNA nucleotides are added.
Transcription must occur because DNA contains the instructions for making proteins but it CANNOT leave the nucleus
Transcription is controlled by enzymes in the nucleus.
This strand of mRNA nucleotides breaks off and moves to the ribosomes for translation.
What is a codon????

17. Types of RNA
mRNA (messenger)-takes the message for proteins out of the nucleus
tRNA (transfer)-transfers in the amino acids
rRNA (ribosomal)-makes the ribosome

18. Translation
Once the DNA has been transcribed into mRNA now we need to translate (change) it into proteins.
Translation occurs at the ribosome.
tRNA anti-codons match with the mRNA codons and bring in amino acids.
Amino acids are connected by peptide bonds (=polypeptide)
This continues until the “stop” codon is reached (UAA, UAG, UGA)

24. Mutation Notes / 3.2 CTT TTA TAG TAG ATA CCA CAA AGG
Write the mRNA that would be transcribed from this gene.
What amino acids would form the protein coded by this gene? (use the chart)
What tRNA anticodons would bring the amino acids to the ribosome in translation?

25. A mutation occurred that changed substituted one nucleotide.
Mutation Notes / 3.2
CTT TTA TAG TAG ATC CCA CAA AGG
A mutation occurred that changed substituted one nucleotide.
Write the mRNA that would be transcribed from this mutated gene.
What amino acids would form the protein coded by this gene? (use the chart)
Is the protein the same?

26. Mutation Notes / 3.2
Mutations result when a nucleotide or group of nucleotides is changed in DNA.
These “mistakes” can occur in replication, transcription or translation.
Mutations can be caused by heredity, mistakes, environmental factors such as UV, chemicals or X-rays.
Some mutations can be lethal. Some mutations are “silent”. Others may be beneficial (usually in smaller organisms)

27. These mutations are harmful! THE CAT ATE THE BIG RAT
Point mutations – only one nucleotide is substituted. These may OR may not be harmful if the new codon codes for the same amino acid on the chart. Ex. Sickle Cell Anemia
Frameshift mutations-mutation causing the codons to be inappropriately grouped or shifted.
Addition or Deletion
These mutations are harmful!
THE CAT ATE THE BIG RAT

28. Summary
DNA mutations can happen during any process-replication, transcription or translation.
Mutations are not always harmful.
Frameshitfs are the most harmful mutations.
Any mutation is more harmful if it occurs early in the gene.