The New Nation Faces Challenges

Essential Questions What actions did Washington, Jefferson, Monroe, and Jackson take as presidents? What were the effects of the religious and reform movements that emerged in the eighteenth century? What is Manifest Destiny and how did the U.S. expand to the Pacific coast?

1) What actions did Washington, Jefferson, Monroe, and Jackson take as President?

Washington’s Presidency Set up Cabinet Dept of State: Thomas Jefferson Dept of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Dept of War: Henry Knox Set up Supreme Court w/ Judiciary Act of 1789 Hamilton’s Financial Plan = compromise Fed gov’t take on all debts Raise revenue by taxing imports Create national bank

Conflict Over National Bank Thomas Jefferson: Strict Constructionist Alexander Hamilton: Loose Constructionist Hamilton convinces Washington to sign bill for New National Bank

Jefferson’s Presidency Marbury v. Madison 1803 Adams appointed many Federalists to judgeships: “Midnight Judges” Thomas Jefferson and Madison refused to deliver commissions Supreme court ruled they did not have power to make Madison deliver Commission (one branch cannot force action on another) Judiciary Act of 1789 that gave court this power was declared unconstitutional Established Judicial review: courts can declare laws unconstitutional

Louisiana Purchase Purchased from France Jefferson felt uncomfortable: constitutional? Decided it was acceptable Presidents can negotiate treaties Doubled the size of U.S.

War of 1812 Causes: impressment, helping Nat-Ams Effects: Foreign respect for U.S., national pride, less Nat-Am resistance

Monroe’s Presidency “Era of good feelings” Domestic Policy: 1. McCulloch v. Maryland Agreed w/ idea of National Bank National gov’t interests above state interests 2. Gibbons v. Ogden National gov’t has right to regulate trade between states

Foreign Policy: Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) Monroe Doctrine Acquired Florida Establish boundary w/Spain Monroe Doctrine Americas off limits to European colonization

Missouri Compromise Missouri petitioned to join union 1819: 11 states free, 11 slave states Compromise: Maine=free AND Missouri=slave Slavery banned above compromise line

Age of Jackson Indian Removal Act Relocation of five native tribes to area west of Mississippi (Indian Territory) Known as Trail of Tears National Bank 2nd Bank charter runs out Unconstitutional  state banks

Conflict over States Rights 1832 Congress passes Tariff on imported goods Nullification crisis South declared law “null and void” Threatened to secede Compromise: Tariffs would be reduced for 10 years

Talk to your neighbor: What are some of the most important events that took place during the Presidencies of Washington, Jefferson, Monroe, and Jackson?

2) What were the effects of the religious and reform movements that emerged in the nineteenth century?

The Second Great Awakening 1st Great Awakening 1730s, emphasis on repenting sins, church membership grew 2nd Great Awakening Americans join churches and attend revival meetings in record #s in 1820s and 1830s Emphasis: Live well, work hard, do God’s work on earth

Reform Era Temperance Movement – alcohol awareness Education Reforms – increased access to education Prison Reforms – separate mentally ill

Urban Reform Many immigrants from Germany and Ireland in mid 1800s Worked in factories, lived in crowded apt buildings Local boards of health were est. Workers began to organize to demand better working conditions Ten hour movement

Women’s Rights Seneca Falls Convention 1848 First women’s rights meeting Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Declaration of Sentiments “All men and women are created equal”

Abolition Antislavery Efforts in the South By 1850 250,000 freemen Helped others escape Spoke out against slavery Slave Uprisings - Nat Turner Underground Railroad

Abolition Movement in North Slavery seen as morally wrong American Anti-Slavery Society Abolitionists: William Lloyd Garrison, Grimke sisters, Frederick Douglass Garrison Grimke Sisters Douglass

Kerry Washington Performs Sojourner Truth’s “Ain’t I A Woman” speech

Talk to your neighbor: What were some causes and effects of the reform movements in the 1800s?

3) What is Manifest Destiny and how did the U. S 3) What is Manifest Destiny and how did the U.S. expand to the Pacific coast?

Manifest Destiny Definition: Belief that it was America’s God given right to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

The California Gold Rush – 1848 80,000 move to CA in 1849 1850 31st State

The Oregon Treaty Set US - British Canada border at 49th parallel

Texas Independence Americans settle Texas Belonged to Spain, then Mexico In exchange for land must surrender American citizenship, swear allegiance to Mexico, adopt Roman Catholic religion Texans declare independence from Mexico on Mar 2 1836

The Alamo Fort in San Antonio Mexicans kill nearly all defenders Texans win Battle of San Jacinto and gain independence

War With Mexico Texans vote to join Union Opinion of Americans mixed Texas joins Union in 1845 as a slave state Mexico breaks diplomatic relations with U.S. U.S. offers to pay for New Mexico and CA Mexico refuses, boundary dispute and war begins

Bear Flag Revolt Californians easily defeat Mexican forces Declare CA to be independent Republic of California U.S. forces arrive and gain control of CA U.S. forces overwhelm Mexican forces in U.S. and Mexico

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 1. Mexico gives up TX 2. Mexican Cession: U.S. gets land in present day CA, NV, UT, WY, CO, AZ, NM 3. US pays Mexico $15M 4. Gadsden Purchase Area in red: Mexican Cession Area in orange: Gadsden Purchase