PARTICIPLES

WHAT IS A PARTICIPLE? A participle is a verb that has been changed to function as an adjective. Sometimes it is called a VERBAL AJECTIVE

EXAMPLES IN ENGLISH The student running down the hall dropped all his books. We saw several girls walking to the stadium before the game I want to give help to the people injured by the tornado Listening to the speech, I realized I wanted to help with the campaign. In each sentence the word in bold is a participle.

ATTRIBUTES OF A PARTICIPLE Because participles are VERBAL ADJECTIVES, they have attributes of both verbs and adjectives. They have: Gender Number Case Tense Voice

IMPORTANT POINT Because a participle is a verbal ADJECTIVE, it MODIFIES a noun and therefore MUST agree in GENDER, NUMBER AND CASE WITH THE NOUN IT MODIFIES

FORMS OR PARTICIPLES There are four participles in Latin Present active Perfect passive Future active Future passive

PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES Verbs of the 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd conjugation form the present active participle the same way. 1. take the 2 nd principal part 2. drop the –re This gives you the stem of the verb

ADD THE FOLLOWING TO THE STEM Masculine/Feminine singular plural Nom -ns -ntes Gen -ntis -ntium Dat -nti -ntibus Acc -ntem -ntes Abl -nte -ntibus Neuter singular plural Nom -ns -ntia Gen -ntis -ntium Dat -nti -ntibus Acc -ns -ntia Abl -nte -ntibus

PRESENT PARTICIPLES Here is an example. I saw a girl crying on the road. girl is feminine, accusative and singular crying has to agree with girl So crying has to be acc. fem. sing.

EXAMPLE CONTINUED Puellam in via vidi. This is the sentence without the participle. fleo, flere means cry, weep What do we need to do to put it into the present active participle form?

EXAMPLE STILL CONTINUED Find the stem by dropping the –re flere fle-- Add the acc, sing. fem form from the chart for present active participles. Oh you weren’t paying attention and did not get that chart. Shall I just let you flounder????

NO I SHALL BE MERCIFUL Masculine/Feminine Singular Plural Nom -ns - ntes Gen -ntis -ntium Dat -nti -ntibus Acc - ntem - ntes Abl -nte -ntibus Neuter Singular plural Nom -ns - ntia Gen -ntis -ntium Dat -nti -ntibus Acc -ns - ntia Abl -nte -ntibus

SO THE FINAL RESULT IS… Puellam flentem in via vidi I saw a girl crying in the road

A SUMMARY To form the PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE Get the base Figure out what gender, number and case you need from the noun the participle modifies Add the ending

LET’S LOOK AT THAT CHART AGAIN Masculine/Feminine Singular Plural Nom -ns -nt es Gen -nt is -nt ium Dat -nt i -nt ibus Acc -nt em -nt es Abl -nt e -nt ibus Neuter Singular Plural Nom -ns -nt ia Gen -nt is -nt ium Dat -nt i -nt ibus Acc -ns -nt ia Abl -nt e -nt ibus

WHAT ENDINGS ARE THESE? Masculine/Feminine *es isium iibus emes eibus NEUTER *ia is ium i ibus *ia e ibus

HERE ARE SOME MORE EXAMPLES I do not like that man standing near the road. Illum ad viam stantem non amo. That man is acc. masc. sing. Sooooooo… Stantem has to be acc. masc. sing tooooooo. Stem = sta Add - ntem Gives you stantem

WHAT ABOUT 3 RD I-STEM AND 4 TH CONJUGATIONS? They follow almost the same rules 2 nd principal part (same) Drop the – ere or - ire ( different ) Add -ie - ( different ) Then add the same endings you use for 1st, 2 nd and 3 rd conjugation (same)

HERE IS AN EXAMPLE Discipuli magistram audientes multa didicerunt. The students listening to the teacher learned many things.

STILL MORE TO THINK ABOUT In the English sentences we have been creating the participle form by adding –ing to the verb WITHOUT ANY HELPING VERB I saw a girl cry ing That is how you form a present participle in English Technically this is the only translation that makes it clear that you have a present active participle But it is not the only way that you are allowed to translate a present active participle.

HERE ARE OTHER TRANSLATIONS Please note that the following are not technically participle forms in ENGLISH, but they often have to be used to CLEARLY translate the Latin. In each case what you are doing is making a subordinate clause. Let’s use the example Discipuli magistram audientes multa didicerunt

discipuli magistram audientes multa didicerunt The students listening to the teacher learned many things The students who were listening to the teacher learned many things Because the students were listening to the teacher, they learned many things While the students were listening to the teacher, they learned many things When the students were listening to the teacher, they learned many things

THE DETAILS Technically the only one of the previous examples that is a participle in ENGLISH is the first one. The students listening to the teacher learned many things All the other examples are subordinate clauses in ENGLISH BUT they are acceptable translations because there will be times when the –ing option just does not sound right.

YOUR MISSION SHOULD YOU DECIDE TO ACCEPT IT Go to latinathensdrivehs.wikispaces.com Go to Latin3 grammar Download Participles Explained. You can print the entire document, but for now you only NEED the first page. I would just print that one. STUDY IT AND KEEP IT IN YOUR NOTEBOOK.