LATIN II Subjunctive Mood I

Indicative vs. Subjunctive So far we have been using the indicative mood. It is the mood of fact and actualitySo far we have been using the indicative mood. It is the mood of fact and actuality. The subjunctive mood is one of possibility, hypothetical, conditional, conjecture.The subjunctive mood is one of possibility, hypothetical, conditional, conjecture.

Subnjunctive in English Generally, the subjunctive mood is translated with words like should, could, would, might, may in English but the Romans are very specific about its use.Generally, the subjunctive mood is translated with words like should, could, would, might, may in English but the Romans are very specific about its use.

Latin Subjunctive Rather than over compare the Latin subjunctive to English, it is best to learn where the Romans prefer the subjunctive use. This is an area where Latin and English differ in mood usage.Rather than over compare the Latin subjunctive to English, it is best to learn where the Romans prefer the subjunctive use. This is an area where Latin and English differ in mood usage.

Latin Subjunctive: tenses The subjunctive mood has 4 tenses in the active and passive voices:The subjunctive mood has 4 tenses in the active and passive voices: –Present –Imperfect –Perfect –Pluperfect

Latin Subjunctive: tenses There is no future or future perfect subjunctive since the mood itself is futuristic.There is no future or future perfect subjunctive since the mood itself is futuristic.

Present Subjunctive The present subjunctive is formed by changing the connecting vowels that are used in the indicative.The present subjunctive is formed by changing the connecting vowels that are used in the indicative. –-are verbs use an -e, –long -ere verbs use -ea, –short -ere verbs use an -a, and –3rd -io and -ire verbs use an -ia. Here is an easy way to remember them…

Present Subjunctive RULE FOR VOWEL CHANGES IN PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVERULE FOR VOWEL CHANGES IN PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE Clem steams clams in Miami.Clem steams clams in Miami. We fear a liar friar.We fear a liar friar. –1 st conjugation  vowel changes to -e- –2 nd conjugation = -ea- –3 rd conjugation = -a- –3 rd -io & 4 th conjugations = -ia-

Present Subjunctive - amo amo, amare (1 st conjugation)amo, amare (1 st conjugation) –amem –ames –amet –amemus –ametis –ament

Present Subjunctive - moneo moneo, monēremoneo, monēre (2 nd conjugation) –moneam –moneas –moneat –moneamus –moneatis –moneant

Present Subjunctive - rego rego, regere (3 rd conjugation)rego, regere (3 rd conjugation) –regam –regas –regat –regamus –regatis –regant

Present Subjunctive - audio audio, audire (4 th conjugation)audio, audire (4 th conjugation) –audiam –audias –audiat –audiamus –audiatis –audiant

Present Subjunctive - sum Present subjunctive of sumPresent subjunctive of sum –SIM –SIS –SIT –SIMUS –SITIS –SINT

Subjunctive – ut clauses A common use of the subjunctive in Latin is the purpose clause. The purpose for “whatever you do something” is in the subjunctive. Look for the Latin word UT to divide the sentence. See the following example.A common use of the subjunctive in Latin is the purpose clause. The purpose for “whatever you do something” is in the subjunctive. Look for the Latin word UT to divide the sentence. See the following example.

Subjunctive – ut clauses Purpose ClausePurpose Clause –I eat in order that I may live. –edo ut vivam. –An “ut” clause has its verb in the subjunctive; negative is “ne.”

Subjunctive – ut clauses edo ut vivam.edo ut vivam. –I eat to live. –I eat so that I may live –I eat in order to live. The purpose here is to live. You can be flexible in your English translation.The purpose here is to live. You can be flexible in your English translation.

Sequence of Tenses The sequence of tenses tells us about which verb tense to use in a complex Latin sentence. A “complex” Latin sentence is one with (a) a main verb and (b) a dependent (or subjunctive) verb. Which verb tense we use in a complex Latin sentence depends on whether the action of the main verb is completed or incomplete.

Sequence of Tenses Incomplete action means that the dependent verb is going on at the same time as the main verb or after the main verb.Incomplete action means that the dependent verb is going on at the same time as the main verb or after the main verb. Completed action means that the dependent verb went on before the main verb.Completed action means that the dependent verb went on before the main verb. Everything we have done so far (Result and Purpose) shows incomplete action.

Sequence of Tenses (Make your own copy of this chart!) primary sequence Main Verb is… then the Subjunctive Verb is… Present Future Future Perfect (if Main Verb is incomplete) Present (if Main Verb is completed) Perfect secondary sequence Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect ImperfectPluperfect

Sequence of Tenses Here are some examples in English: –We are coming so that we may help you. Incomplete action means that the dependent verb (we may help) is going on at the same time as the main verb (we are coming) or after the main verb.

Sequence of Tenses We are coming so that we may help you.We are coming so that we may help you. Present + Present = primary sequence (incomplete action).Present + Present = primary sequence (incomplete action). Have a look at the chart again to check it.Have a look at the chart again to check it.

Sequence of Tenses (Make your own copy of this chart!) primary sequence Main Verb is… then the Subjunctive Verb is… Present (we are coming) Future Future Perfect (if Main Verb is incomplete) Present (we may help) (if Main Verb is completed) Perfect secondary sequence Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect ImperfectPluperfect

Sequence of Tenses Here is an other example in English: –We were coming so that we might help you. This time the main verb (we were coming) is secondary sequence because it happens in the past. The subjunctive verb (we might help) would be in the imperfect tense since the action is incomplete. See if you are reading the chart correctly.

Sequence of Tenses (Make your own copy of this chart!) primary sequence Main Verb is… then the Subjunctive Verb is… Present Future Future Perfect (if Main Verb is incomplete) Present (if Main Verb is completed) Perfect secondary sequence Imperfect (we were coming) Perfect Pluperfect Imperfect (we might help) Pluperfect

Sequence of Tenses If we understand how the chart works, we can assume that the Romans knew what they were doing and move on from there!If we understand how the chart works, we can assume that the Romans knew what they were doing and move on from there! Valete, Omnes!Valete, Omnes!