Chapter 18.  The science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships.  ARISTOTLE ◦ First to classify organisms more than.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 18

 The science of grouping organisms according to their presumed natural relationships.  ARISTOTLE ◦ First to classify organisms more than 2000 years ago. ◦ Classified all organisms into TWO groups  Plants  Further classified by stem differences.  Animals  Further classified based on where animals were found. (air, land, water)

 Everyday names given to organisms.  Common names may NOT accurately describe the organism. ◦ Examples: jellyfish, mountain lion

 Mean:Two Names  CAROLUS LINNAEUS – Swedish naturalist ( ) ◦ He broke organisms into hierarchical categories

Categories (smallest to largest) Examples SPECIES Structurally similar organisms sapiens GENUS Similar species grouped Homo FAMILY Similar genera Hominidae ORDER Similar families Primates CLASS Similar orders Mammalia PHYLUM/DIVISION Similar classes Chordata KINGDOM Similar phyla/divisions Animalia

 Binomial name  Includes Genus & species names  Examples: ◦ Rana pipiens- Leopard frog ◦ Homo sapiens – Human beings

 Subspecies: morphologically different & geographically separated.  Varieties: Morphologically different & often not geographically separated.  Strain: Biochemically dissimilar group within a species. ◦ Example: bacteria

 Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of a species.  Taxonomic Identification: ◦ Dichotomous Key – A written set of choices that leads to the name of an organism. ◦ Phylogenetic Tree – A visual model of the inferred relationships among organisms. ◦ Biosystematics – A form of taxonomy that examines reproductive compatibility & gene flow.  Studies speciation, or formation of a new species.

KINGDOMCELL TYPE# OF CELLSNUTRITION Archaebacteria Methanogens ProkaryoticUnicellularAuto- heterotrophic Eubacteria “true bacteria” ProkaryoticUnicellularAuto- heterotrophic Protista Amoebas EukaryoticUni & multicellular Auto- heterotrophic Fungi Mushroom EukaryoticUni & multicellular Heterotrophic Plantae Mosses, ferns EukaryoticMulticellularAutotrophic (rarely hetero-) Animalia Mammals EukaryoticMulticellularheterotrophic

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