Challenges in Speaking  Producing language / Processing language  Negotiating  Time constraints Real-time / online processing Planning may be severely limited  Adjusting language for interlocutor Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp London: Hodder Education, p. 198.

Issues in Speaking 1. Genres of Speaking 2. Generic Structure 3. Exchange 4. Turn-Taking and Turn Types 5. Topic Management Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp London: Hodder Education, pp

Personal Narrative Structure (Abstract) ^ Orientation ^ Complication ^ Evaluation ^ Resolution ^ (Coda) Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp London: Hodder Education, p. 200.

Obtaining a Turn Self-select Current speaker nominates the next Adjacency pairs (with expected shifts in turns) Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp London: Hodder Education, p. 200.

Topic Management Check for comprehension Select appropriate levels of explicitness Use Discourse strategies Clarifying Checking Summarizing Adapting other speakers’ points Repeating others Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp London: Hodder Education, p. 203.

Issues in Pronunciation 1. Tone Units / Chunking 2. Prominence 3. Turn-Taking 4. Introducing and Ending Topics 5. Social Meanings and Roles / Degrees of Involvement 6. Stress and Unstress 7. Sound Segments Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp London: Hodder Education, pp

What we (think we) hear 1 “We can thus say that we ‘think in phonemes’ but ‘speak in allophones’ (Dalton and Seidlhofer, 1994, Chapter 2).” Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp London: Hodder Education, p. 207.

What we (think we) hear 2 That is, we think we HEAR phonemes and we interpret in terms of phonemes. but we really speak in allophones because it is impossible to SPEAK in phonemes Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp London: Hodder Education, p. 207.

Implications for Pedagogy 1. Should speaking activities focus on texts or sentences? 2. How can a discourse-based approach be applied in classroom practice? 3. Should we use only 'authentic' texts? 4. What procedures are there specifically for pronunciation teaching? Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp London: Hodder Education, pp

Discourse Application: Macro-Level 1. Functional purpose: Primarily transactional or interactional 2. Generic structure 3. Gate-keeping contexts: Recognizing them Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp London: Hodder Education, p. 208.

Discourse Application: Micro-Level 1. Exchange structure 2. Turn-taking 3. Conversational moves: Openings, closings, evaluative follow-ups, back- channeling Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp London: Hodder Education, pp

Practical Techniques for Teaching Pronunciation  Elicited Mechanical Production  Ear Training for Sound Contrasts  Sounds for Meaning Contrasts  Cognitive Analysis  Whole Brain, Communication Activities, and Games  Learning Strategies Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp London: Hodder Education, pp

Learner Strategies “Fostering learner autonomy and enabling students to develop strategies for coping on their own and for continuing to learn is perhaps the most valuable thing that can be developed in learners.” Burns, Anne and Barbara Seidlhofer Speaking and Pronunciation. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 12, pp London: Hodder Education, p. 211.