Urban Challenge 19A ( ) The student will understand the problems associated with the growth of cities and some of the solutions for correcting their problems. AL COS 10 th grade 34

I. Urban organizations A. Dumbbell tenements—designed to relieve the lack of light and provide fresh air. B. Immigrant groups: help new immigrants through churches, newspapers, schools, self-help organizations C. Slums/ghettos: for the poor and the restricted

GHETTOS: area in which one ethnic or racial group dominates which would lead to cities being divided between rich and poor areas. Urban living conditions: slum residents threatened by fire, crime, and vice; ghettos were common; overcrowding and poor sanitation bred disease.

New York tenement

A "Slide" in Hamilton Street, c.1890 Jacob A. Riis "A dozen years ago [l890], I gave a stockbroker a good blowing up for hammering hiscellar door full of envious nails to prevent the children using it as a slide. Five Cents A Spot, c Jacob A. Riis It was photographed by flashlight. In a room not thirteen feet either way slept twelve men and women. The 'apartment' was for lodgers, who slept there for five cents a spot."

Necktie Workshop in a Division Street Tenement, c Jacob A. Riis The bulk of the sweater's work is done in the tenements, which the law that regulates factory labor does not reach. In it the child works unchallenged from the day he is old enough to pull a thread." Shoemaker Working in House in yard of 219 Broome Street, c.1890 Jacob A. Riis “This shoemaker has his 'flat' as well as his shop here. A curtain hung back of his stool in the narrow passage half-conceals his bed."

Jacob Riis, How The Other Half Lives photographs and stories about the wretched conditions in the city slums.

m/framesets/themes/tenements/fs _1901.htm Tenement house slide show The Living City web site:

D. Gangs: immigrant gangs of same (see notes) nationalities or neighborhoods (Bowery Boys) GANGS OF NEW YORK GANGS OF NEW YORK clip

E. Police: 1. Besides preventing crime, were also responsible for street cleaning and other tasks. 2. However, because of low wages, political patronage, and sympathy toward local social customs, they often profited from vice and became the center of city reform movements to improve their professionalism and remove patronage

G.“Goo-goos”—good government reformers trying to instill middle class values and Americanize immigrants by creating organizations to help. 1. YMCA: for the rural young people moving to the city The first rooms (on the fourth floor) of the Boston YMCA, the first YMCA in the United States, circa 1850s 2. Salvation Army: organized under pseudo-military lines, and attracted the urban poor through soup kitchens and street meetings to instill middle-class values in the poor William Booth

“While women weep, as they do now, I'll fight; while little children go hungry, as they do now, I'll fight; while men go to prison, in and out, in and out, as they do now, I'll fight; while there is a drunkard left, while there is a poor lost girl upon the streets, while there remains one dark soul without the light of God, I'll fight-I'll fight to the very end!” William Booth 09 May 1912

New York Children’s Aid Society: Established dormitories, reading rooms and workshops for learning practical skills. Often encouraged boys to go west. Charity Organization Society: Believed that poverty could be blamed on individual moral failure and thus distinguished between deserving and undeserving poor.

3. Thomas Nast “Let Us Prey”—cartoonist who helped bring down Boss Tweed Thomas Nast’s cartoon, “A Group of Vultures Waiting for the Storm to Blow Over—Let Us Prey,” from 1871

F. Political machines: run by a boss of an unofficial organization with the purpose of keeping a particular group in power. They did this by getting votes in return or patronage, contracts, jobs, and helping the needy and those in trouble. For example, “Big” Jim Pendergrast ran Kansas City.

"What are you laughing at? To the victor belong the spoils." Thomas Nast 1871

POLITICAL MACHINES: unofficial and corrupt city organization designed to keep a particular group in control. The most famous was Tammany Hall (New York) and the leader Boss Tweed. Gained power through immigrants who would be helped for their votes. Immigrant support: came because political machines proved them with jobs and other favors.

Tammany Hall 1860s

“Boss” Tweed

At a time when the average workman made a dollar a day, contractors had charged the city $400,000 for safes, $175,000 for carpets, and $7,500 for thermometers, $179, for three tables and 40 chairs, $41, for brooms, and $2,870, for plastering (the building, however, was made of iron and marble). Altogether, the courthouse had cost over $13 million - - or more than twice what the United State had paid for Alaska four years earlier!

4 Anthony Comstock-moral crusader against gambling, prostitution and porn 5. Social Gospel movement: Protestant who did not focus on the sins of the poor but on the responsibilities of the upper and middle class 6.Institutional Church League—(William S. Rainford) wealthy responsible for eliminating poverty by prosecuting slumlords and sweatshop owners 7. Walter Rauschenbusch believed in applying the teachings of Christ to society itself.

7. Settlement houses: (Jane Addams) insisted that charity workers live in the slum neighborhood

SOME HULL-HOUSE FIRSTS First Social Settlement in Chicago First Social Settlement with men and women residents Established first public baths in Chicago Established first public playground in Chicago Established first gymnasium for the public in Chicago Established first little theater in the United States Established first citizenship preparation classes Established first public kitchen in Chicago Established first college extension courses in Chicago Established first group work school Established first painting loan program in Chicago Established first free art exhibits in Chicago Established first fresh air school in Chicago

Established first public swimming pool in Chicago Established first boy scout troop in Chicago Investigations for the first time in Chicago of: truancy sanitation typhoid fever tuberculosis distribution of cocaine midwifery children's reading infant mortality newsboys social value of the saloon

Investigations that led to creation and enactment of first factory laws in Illinois. Investigations that led to creation of the first model tenement code, First Illinois Factory Inspector, a Hull-House resident, Florence Kelley First probation officer in Chicago, a Hull-House resident, Alzina Stevens Labor unions organized at Hull-House: Women Shirt Makers Women Cloak Makers Dorcas Federal Labor Union Chicago Woman's Trade Union League

Jane Addams in the 1890s

Hull House Mansion--1856

Hull House in the 1890s

Hull House Nursery

II.Urban Planning—purpose reshape urbanites by changing their surroundings; add beauty and art to civilize citizens A. Richard Morris Hunt advocated uniform building codes and formal design for urban landscapes, proposed awe-inspiring urban architecture to encourage good citizenship, and placed classical statues and formal gates in city parks New York 1800:

State City Park California Palo Alto Stanford UniversityStanford University District Of Columbia Washington US CapitolUS Capitol Georgia Atlanta Planned CommunityAtlantaPlanned Community Illinois Chicago Colombian Exposition Riverside Planned Community Massachusetts Beverly Moraine Farm Boston Fenway Jamaica Arnold Arboretum Muddy River Franklin ParkColombian ExpositionRiversidePlanned CommunityMoraine Farm BostonFenway Jamaica Arnold Arboretum Muddy River Franklin Park New YorkNew York Brooklyn Prospect Park Buffalo Park SystemProspect Park Buffalo New York City Central Park Niagara Falls State ReservationCentral Park Niagara Falls North Carolina Asheville The Biltmore EstateThe Biltmore Estate Quebec, Canada Montreal Mount Royal ParkMount Royal Park

B. Central Park and Boston’s Back Bay: Frederick Law Olmsted served as the chief architect of Central Park from The design of the park had many aspects that would become trademarks of Olmsted's designs. There were winding paths, scenic views and large open areas for people to relax in.For the Back Bay or “Fens” Olmsted’s challenge was to restore the spot of marsh which was preserved into an ecologically healthy place that could also be enjoyed as a recreation area. Central Park Homepage. Back Bay Fens

D. Skyscraper 1. Louis Sullivan 2. Technology: internal metal frame, fireproofing, and elevator 3. 1 st one built in Chicago C. Chicago city raising and fire Was it Mrs. O'Leary’s cow or was Danielwas Daniel "Peg Leg" Sullivan the Real Culprit? You investigate!

E. Water and sewage: lack of control for clean water and proper disposal of sewage was the most dangerous part of city living F. Consolidation and annexation of suburbs and municipalities was the trend, especially in NY where Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, and the Bronx joined Manhattan (1898) in order to decrease inner city immigrant power, make govt. more efficient (economy of scale), push water and sewage outward (good for land speculators and middle class)

Urban Challenge 19A ( ) The student will understand the problems associated with the growth of cities and some of the solutions for correcting their problems. AL COS 10 th grade 34