1. By: Haley Campbell and Megan Gooch
Chapter 13 Section 2
By: Haley Campbell and Megan Gooch

2. Americans migrate to the cities
After the civil war, urban population grew from 10 million to more than 30 million
Immigrants lacked money for farms and education for higher paying jobs
Worked long hours with little pay in factories
Urban areas offered more and better-paying jobs than rural areas

3. Cities Bright Lights, running water, modern plumbing
Museums, libraries, theatres
Population grew creating the need to build upward
Skyscraper- tall, steel frame building
First skyscraper- Chicago’s 10 story Home Insurance building built in 1885
Louis sullivan was the biggest contributor to the design of skyscrapers

4. City transportation At first most cities relied on the horsecar
Beginning with San francisco in 1873 more than 20 cities installed cable cars
IN 1887, frank j. sprague developed electric trolley cars
Elevated railroad
Subway system
First boston then new york

5. High society Elaborate mansions Many servants
Women usually didn’t work
Men owned or managed large businesses
Spent lots of money on social events

6. Middle Class Afford their own homes and better quality clothing
Women usually only worked because they wanted to not because they had to
At least one servant
Enough money to buy a few luxuries

7. Working class Lived in single room tenements, or apartment buildings
No servants
Both husbands and wives had to work
Sometimes had to rent space to a boarder for extra money
Children had to work sometimes as well

8. urban poverty Unable to afford homes Slept on street
Built shacks in back alleys

9. Crime
Pickpockets, swindlers, and thieves thrived in the crowded cities
From the murder rate went from 25 per million people to more than 100 per million people
Alcohol contributed to violent crimes

10. pollution Improper sewage disposal contaminated city drinking water
Triggered epidemics of typhoid fever and cholera
Even with flush toilets and sewer systems pollution was still a problem
Horse manure left in the streets
Smoke from chimneys
Soot and ash from coal and wood fires

11. Machine politics
Political machine- informal political group designed to keep power
Came about because cities grew faster than their governments
In exchange for votes party bosses, who ran the political machine, provided new city dwellers with jobs, housing, food, heat, and police protection

12. Graft and fraud Party bosses also controlled city’s finances
Many became rich by fraud or graft- getting money through dishonest or questionable means

13. Tammany hall
Tammany hall, the NYC democratic political machine, was the most infamous
William “boss” tweed was its leader during the 1860s and 1870s
Corruptness led to a prison sentence in 1874