Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Why the Blood Circulates How Blood Circulation Works How Lymph Circulation Works Maintaining Your Circulatory Health Cardiovascular System Problems Lymphatic System Problems

The cardiovascular system provides nutrients and oxygen, carries away wastes, wand helps fight disease. Heart pumps blood to body’s cells 24 hours a day, heart accomplishes thes important tasks: –Carrying oxygen from the lungs to body cells –Absorbing nutrients from food and delivering nutrients to body cells –Carrying carbon dioxide, a waste gas, from your cells back to your lungs to be exhaled –Delivering other waste products to the kidneys for removal from the body –Helping the white blood cells fight disease by attacking infectious organisms

The cardiovascular system consists of heart, blood, and blood vessels. Heart – is the muscle that makes the cardiovascular system work –Heart has four chambers: –Top two are called atria, right atrium is an area of muscle that acts as a pacemaker, electrical impulse4s stimulate the atria to contract, forcing blood into the ventricles. –The lower two are ventricles are called ventricles, there they stimulate muscles of the ventricles to contract, pumping blood out of the heart

How Blood Circulates Pulmonary circulation is the process by which blood moves between the heart and the lungs. Blood that has lost oxygen and picked up carbon dioxide and wastes receives fresh oxygen in the lungs. Oxygen-rich blood is circulated again through the body

Blood Blood is the fluid that delivers oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to the cells and carries away wastes, blood is made up of the following: –Plasma – 55% of total blood volume, fluid in which other parts of the blood are suspended, mainly water, also contains nutrients, proteins, salts and hormones –Red blood cells - 40% of normal blood, contain hemoglobin oxygen-carrying protein in blood, contains iron that binds oxygen in the lungs and releases the oxygen in tissues, also combines with carbon dioxide, carries from cells to the lungs. –White blood cells – protect the body against infection, some surround and ingest the organisms that cause disease, others form antibodies that provide immunity against a second attack from that specific disease, while others fight allergic reactions –Platelets – types of cells in the blood that cause blood clots to form, when wall of blood vessel tears, platelets collect, release chemicals that stimulate blood to produce small thread-like fibers, trap cells, help to from a clot, blocks flow of blood and forms a scab.

Four types of blood A, B, AB, and O. Each type is determined by the presence or absence of certain substances called antigens Types A, B, or AB possess antigens, a person must receive blood from someone with the same antigen, they can however, receive type O blood, this contains no antigens Type O blood are called universal donors, anyone can receive their blood. Rh factor is in some blood, if blood contain Rh, you are Rh positive, if not you are Rh negative

Blood Vessels Arteries – blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, vessels that branch into progressively smaller vessels called arterioles which deliver blood to capillaries Capillaries – small vessels that carry blood from arterioles and to small vessels called venules, which empty into veins, capillaries near the skin’s surface can also dilate, allowing heat to escape through the skin, they can also constrict to reduce heat loss in body temperature drops below normal. Veins – blood vessels that return blood to the heart, veins are thinner and less elastic than arteries, they can withstand the pressure exerted by blood flowing through them; large veins vena cava carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart

Lymph Circulation Works Lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels and tissues that move and filter lymph, the clear fluid that fills the spaces around body cells, contains water and proteins, fats and specialized white blood cells (lymphocytes – protect the body against pathogens) Pathogens – a microorganism that causes diseases

Healthy habits can help protect the health of the cardiovascular and lympathic systems Eat a well-balanced diet Maintain a healthy weight Participate in regular aerobic exercise for at least 30 minutes three or four times per week Avoid secondhand smoke and using tobacco products Avoid illegal drug use Get regular medical checkups

Blood Pressure Pressure in the arteries is created when the ventricles contract Blood pressure – a measure of the amount of force that the blood places on the walls of blood vessels, particularly large arteries, as it is pumped through the body. Blood pressure has two numbers systolic pressure (top) – the maximum pressure the heart contracts to push blood into arteries, diastolic (bottom) – measures pressure at its lowest point when ventricles relax

Some cardiovascular problems are inherited; others result from illness, diet, or aging. Congenital heart defects – present at birth, septal defect is a hole in the septum that allows oxygenated blood to mix with oxygen-depleted blood. This can result from poor health of baby’s mother during pregnancy Hearth murmurs – hole in the heart, or leaking or malfunctioning value Varicose veins – valves in veins not closing tightly enough to prevent backflow of blood Anemia – ability of the blood to carry oxygen is reduced (blood may contain low numbers of red blood cells or low concentrations of hemoglobin) Hemophilia – inherited disorder, blood does not clot, (treatment – injections that introduce missing clotting proteins into the blood) Leukemia – cancer in which white blood cells are produced excessively and abnormally, susceptible to infections, severe anemia, an uncontrolled bleeding, ( chemotherapy, radiation, and bone marrow are treatments)

Problems of the lymphatic system can change from mild to life-threatening Tonsillitis – tonsils reduce the number of pathogens entering the body through the respiratory system, if infected, tonsillitis result Immune deficiency – immune system is weakened and can no longer protect the body against infection, can be congenital condition in which the body cannot make specialized white blood cells, limiting protection against infection, other causes include HIV, chemotherapy, sometimes aging. Hodgkin's disease – Hodgkin’s lymphoma, kind of cancer affects the lymph issue found in lymph nodes and the spleen (early detention and treatment is essential for recovery) removal of lymph nodes, radiation and chemotherapy are treatment forms