1. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems
Chapter 16
Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems

2. Functions of the cardiovascular system
Composed of the heart & all blood vessels of the body
Function is to circulate blood, thereby maintaining an internal environment in which all the cells of your body are nourished

3. Functions of the cardiovascular system
The heart pumps blood
Blood carries oxygenated cells throughout your body to deliver oxygen
At the same time carbon dioxide along with waste is carried away from your body via blood cells

4. Functions of the cardiovascular system
Oxygen is delivered to your lungs and waste products are sent to the kidneys to be removed from the body

5. Structures of the cardiovascular system
The heart and the brain are perhaps the most important organs in your body
The heart is made of the myocardium which is what makes it pump
Your heart rate increases or decreases automatically based on your physical activity

6. Chambers of the heart Your heart has 4 chambers Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
A wall of tissue separates the right & left atria called the septum along with the right & left ventricles

7. Chambers of the heart
The right atrium works as the natural pacemaker for the rest of the heart
Small electrical impulses force the atrium to contract therefore allowing blood to be pumped into the ventricles
Blood is then pumped out of the heart

8. Chambers of the heart When blood is flowing it can only flow one way
Once blood is pumped the valves close not allowing blood to pump back
The sound that you hear when your heart is beating is the sound of the valves closing

9. Circulation of the heart
Blood that has been deoxygenated but has carbon dioxide & waste is pumped back to the heart by 2 large blood vessels called the vena cava
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium & is transferred to the right ventricle

10. Circulation of the heart
Blood is then pumped to the lungs
Inside the lungs the blood drops the carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen
Newly oxygenated blood is then returned to the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

11. Circulation of the heart
The blood is then pumped from the left atrium into the left ventricle
Blood is then pumped out of the heart & into the rest of the body by way of the large artery called the aorta

12. Blood
Blood delivers oxygen, hormones, & nutrients to the cells & carries away waste that the cells produce
55% of your blood consists of plasma the fluid in which other parts of the blood are suspended

13. Blood Red blood cells make up about 40% of blood
White blood cells & platelets together make up the remaining 5% of blood
1 milliliter of blood contains millions of each of these types of cells

14. Red blood cells & White blood cells
Red blood cells – transport oxygen to cells & parts of the body
Formed in bone marrow, they contain hemoglobin the oxygen-carrying protein in blood
Red blood cells also carry carbon dioxide away from cells back to the lungs

15. Red blood cells & White blood cells
White blood cells are made to protect our bodies against infection & fight off infection when it occurs
White blood cells are also produced in bone marrow
Production of white blood cells increases when an infection is present

16. Blood vessels
You have more then 60,000 miles of blood vessels that transport blood
There are 3 main types of blood vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

17. Arteries They are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
They have thick elastic walls and contain smooth muscle fibers
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the lungs

18. Arteries
Systemic arteries, such as the aorta, carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all areas of the body
As arteries move away from the heart, they branch into progressively smaller vessels called arterioles
Arterioles deliver blood to capillaries

19. Capillaries
Capillaries are small vessels that carry blood between arterioles and small vessels called venules
Capillaries form an extensive network throughout tissues and organs in the body, reaching almost every body cell

20. Veins Veins are blood vessels that return blood to the heart
Vein walls are thinner and less elastic than those of arteries, veins are still able to withstand the pressure exerted by blood as it flows though them

21. Platelets Platelets are cells that prevent the body’s loss of blood
Platelets produce small thread-like fibers called fibrins

22. Lymphatic System
This system also helps to fight infection & plays an important role to the bodies immunity to disease
Lymph is the clear fluid that fills the spaces around body cells
Lymphocytes are specialized white blood cells that provide the body with immunity & protect the body against antibodies

23. B Cells
B cells are lymphocytes that are stimulated to multiply when they are come in contact with a pathogen
Some B cells produce plasma cells, which produce antibodies that attack the pathogen, other produce memory cells

24. T Cells
T cells are lymphocytes that are stimulated to enlarge & multiply when they encounter a pathogen.
There are 2 main types
Killer cells which stop the spread of disease
Helper cells aid in the activation of B cells & killer T cells

25. Structure of the Lymphatic System
It consists of a network of vessels & tissues that are involved in the movement & filtering of lymph

26. Care & Problems of the Cardiovascular System
Lesson 2

27. Health behaviors associated with good cardiovascular care
Follow a well balance diet that is low in saturated fats, cholesterol & salt
Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on the heart, blood vessels, and lymph vessels
Participate in regular aerobic exercise for at least 30 minutes 3-4 times a week

28. Health behaviors associated with good cardiovascular care
Avoid the use of tobacco products & exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke
Avoid illegal drugs, including stimulants, marijuana, & ecstasy

29. Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is the measure of the amount of force that the blood places on the walls of the blood vessels

30. Blood Pressure
As your heart contracts to push blood into your arteries, the maximum pressure, called systolic pressure is measured
As the ventricles relax to refill, blood pressure is at its lowest point, called the diastolic

31. Cardiovascular System Problems
Congenital heart disease – a condition that is present at birth
Cardiovascular disease is actually a group of the cardiovascular systems that include hypertension, heart disease, & stroke

32. Cardiovascular System Problems
Heart murmurs are abnormal sounds that are made as blood flows through the heart
Varicose veins form if valves in the veins do not close tightly enough to prevent backflow of blood

33. Cardiovascular System Problems
Anemia is a condition in which the ability of the blood to carry oxygen is reduced
The most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency

34. Cardiovascular System Problems
Leukemia is a form of cancer in which any one of the different types of white blood cells is produces excessively and abnormally
Hemophilia is an inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot properly

35. Lymphatic system problems
Immune deficiency occur when the immune system can no longer protect against infection
Hodgkin's disease is a type of cancer that affects the lymph tissue
Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils & can be common in children

36. The Respiratory System
Lesson 3

37. Functions of the respiratory system
Respiration is the exchange of gases between the body and the environment

38. Structure of the Respiratory System
Lungs are the principle organs of the respiratory system & the site of the external respiration
The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity
The structure of the lungs can be compared to the structure of a branching tree

39. The breathing process
The breathing process is made possible by creating a pressure of difference between the lungs and outside of the body
When your lungs expand the pressure inside of them becomes lower than the pressure outside your body

40. Other Respiratory Structures
Pharynx – or throat
Trachea - or windpipe
Bronchi – the airways that connect the trachea and the lungs

41. The larynx & epiglottis
Neither of these are directly associated with the respiratory system but have important functions
Larynx or voice box connects the throat to the trachea
The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage located above the larynx, it closes off the passageway to the larynx & trachea when you swallow

42. Care & Problems of the Respiratory System
Lesson 4

43. Health Behaviors & the Respiratory System
Your nasal passageway contains mucus & cilia that help to prevent particles from entering your body
However, your respiratory system is still vulnerable
Asthma, Cancer can result from air pollution being let into your body

44. Respiratory System Problems
Bronchitis – is an inflammation of the bronchi causes by infection or exposure to irritants such as tobacco smoke or air pollution
Pneumonia an inflammation of the lungs commonly caused by a bacterial or viral infection

45. Respiratory System Problems
Pleurisy an inflammation of the lining of the lungs and chest cavity
Asthma an inflammatory condition in which the trachea, bronchi, & bronchioles become narrowed, causing difficulty in breathing

46. Respiratory System Problems
Sinusitis an inflammation of the tissues that line the sinuses
Tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs
Emphysema is a disease that progressively destroys the walls of the alveoli