BacteriaBacteriaBacteriaBacteria

Bacteria are very small…

This is a pore in human skin, the yellow dots are bacteria:

Bacterium This bacterium is much smaller than the white blood cell that is about to “eat” it:

Clean skin has about 20 million bacteria per square inch: So, are bacteria alive?

Structure of Bacteria – Be able to label.

Antibiotics: 1928 – Sir Alexander Fleming Discovered Penicillin from mold that contaminated his petri dish. Penicillin was the first antibiotic! Zone of Inhibition

Common Antibiotics AntibioticMechanismTarget bacteria PenicillinInhibits cell wall synthesisGram Positive AmpicillinInhibits cell wall synthesisBroad spectrum BacitracinInhibits cell wall synthesisGram Positive – Skin Ointment CephalosporinInhibits cell wall synthesisGram Positive TetracyclineInhibits Protein SynthesisBroad spectrum StreptomycinInhibits Protein SynthesisGram Neg. tuberculosis Sulfa drugInhibits cell metabolismBacterial meningitis, UTI RifampinInhibits RNA synthesisGram Pos., some Neg. QuinolinesInhibits DNA SynthesisUTI

Identifying Bacteria: 3 Basic Shapes Coccus (Cocci) - sphere Bacillus (Bacilli) – rod Spiral Prefixes: – Diplo – growing in pairs – Staphylo – growing in groups resembling grapes – Strepto – growing in chains

Cocci are sphere shaped:

Bacilli are rod shaped:

Spirillium bacteria are corkscrew shaped:

Diplo appear in pairs, such as diplococcus bacteria that cause gonorrhea:

Staphylo bacteria occur in clumps, such as Staph. Infections.

Strepto bacteria occur in chains, such as Strep. Throat:

Use the terms in combinations to describe bacteria: Streptococcal Staphylococcal

Can you name these bacteria? StreptobacilliDiplococci Spirilli StreptococciStaphylococci

Where can we catch these bacteria? Cell Phones!

Bacterial Reproduction: FissionReproduction

Bacterial Reproduction: ConjugationReproduction

Bacteria & Disease DiseasePathogenAreas affected Mode of transmission BotulismClostridium botulinumNervesImproperly preserved food CholeraVibrio choleraeIntestineContaminated water Dental CariesStreptococcus mutans, sanguis, salivarius TeethEnvironment to mouth GonorrheaNeisseria gonorrhoeaeUrethra, fallopian Sexual contact Lyme diseaseBerrelia burgdorferiSkin, jointsTick bite Rocky Mountain SF Rickettsia recketsiiBlood, skinTick bite Salmonella IntestineContaminated food, water Strep throatStreptococcus pyogenesURT, blood, skin Sneezes, coughs, etc. TetanusCostridium tetaniNervesContaminated wounds TuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosisLung, bonescoughs

Spirillium: Lyme Disease

Helicobacter pylori can cause ulcers:

Leprosy is a bacterial infection that decreases blood flow to the extremities resulting in the deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the fingers. Mycobacterium leprae

Botulism – Botox

Cholera: Vibrio cholerae – produces enterotoxin (toxin released in the intesting) The enterotoxin changes sodium movement in intestines and the person could lose up to 6 liters of water per day. Dehydration – leading to low blood pressure causes death

Salmonella

Strep Throat

Syphilis Famous Contributers: Henry VIII George Washington Edgar Allan Poe Vladimir Lenin Al Capone

Tetanus

Tuberculosis Evolutionary Arms Race Episode 1Episode 2 XDR-TB

NOT ALL BACTERIA ARE BAD!!!! BUT WAIT!

Beneficial Bacteria: Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen fixing bacteria in soybean roots. Usually found on roots of legumes. We depend on these bacteria for nitrogen! We get our nitrogen (DNA/RNA) from eating plants.

Beneficial Bacteria: FOOD! Bifidobacteria are beneficial to the gastro-intestinal tract. They are also called probiotic bacteria. Streptococcus lactis and other lactic acid bacteria are used to make cheese. They ripen the cheese and provide characteristic flavour. Streptococcus thermophilus is one of the major yogurt- forming bacteria. The other is Lactobacillus bulgaricus

BeneficialBacteria: Environmental Clean-Up!! Pseudomonas putida

Bacteria video Homework: p. 516 #3,5,6,7,11,12,13,16,19,20

BUT HOW???

Evolution / Classification: Most ancient organisms Most numerous on Earth Microscopic, unicellular Prokaryotes Autotrophic & Heterotrophic Two Domains: – Archaebacteria & Eubacteria

Archaebacteria – 3 Types: Methanogens: live in Anaerobic environments– no O 2 Halophiles: live in high salt concentrations– Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea Thermophiles: live in acidic, hot waters – Hot springs, volcanic vents

Eubacteria – 3 Types Heterotrophs – obtain nutrients from others – may be parasites or saprophytes (decomposer). Photosynthetic autotroph – e.g. Cyanobacteria – contain chlorophyll and undergo photosynthesis. Chemosynthetic autotroph – chemosynthesis. They use inorganic compounds, such as nitrogen & sulfur to make food. e.g. Nitrogen fixation