1. 1 BACTERIA Biology

2. 2 Bacteria are very small

3. 3 This is a pore in human skin and the yellow spheres are bacteria

4. 4 Bacteria are very small compared to cells with nuclei

5. 5 Bacteria compared to a white blood cell that is going to eat it Bacteria

6. 6 Clean skin has about 20 million bacteria per square inch

7. 7 Evolution/Classification  Most numerous organism on Earth  Most Ancient  Microscopic Prokaryotes  Evolution has yielded many species adapted to survive where no other organisms can.  Grouped based on: Structure, physiology, molecular Composition, reaction to specific types of stain. Eubacteria= Germs/bacteria Archaebacteria

8. 8 Kingdom Archaebacteria  First discovered in extreme environments  Methanogens: Harvest energy by converting H 2 and CO 2 into methane gas Anaerobic, live in intestinal tracts  Extreme halophiles: Salt loving, live in Great Salt Lake, and Dead sea.  Thermoacidophiles: Live in acid environments and high temps. Hot Springs, volcanic vents

9. 9 Volcanic vents on the sea floor

10. 10 Chemosynthetic bacteria use the sulfur in the “smoke” for energy to make ATP.

11. 11 The red color of this snow is due to a blue-green bacteria

12. 12 Kingdom Eubacteria  Can have one of three basic shapes 1.Bacilli – rod-shaped 2.Spirilla – spiral-shaped 3.Cocci – sphere-shaped Streptococci – in chains Staphylococci – grape-like clusters SHOW ME

13. 13 BACTERIA PICS

14. 14 Bacillus bacteria are rod or sausage shaped

15. 15 Coccus bacteria are sphere or ball shaped

16. 16 Spirillium bacteria have a corkscrew shape

17. 17 Diplo-bacteria occur in pairs, such as the diplococcus bacteria that causes gonorrhea

18. 18 Staphylo - bacteria occur in clumps, such as this staphylococcus bacteria that causes common infections of cuts

19. 19 Strepto- bacteria occur in chains of bacteria, such as this streptococcus bacteria that causes some types of sore throats

20. 20 Spirillium bacteria

21. 21 Diplobacillus bacteria

22. 22 Streptococcus bacteria

23. 23 Staphylococcus bacteria

24. 24 The tip of a needle The red and yellow dots are bacteria

25. 25 Gram Stain  Gram-positive retain stain and appear purple Have thicker layer in cell wall.  Gram-negative do not retain stain and take second pink stain instead. PhylumShapeMotilityMetabolismGram reacion CyanobacteriaBacilli, Cocci Gliding, some non- motile Aerobic, photosynthetic autotrophic Gram- negative SpirochetesSpiralsCorkscrewAerobic, and anaerobic; heterotrophic Gram- negative Gram-PosBacilli, cocci Flagella; some non- motile Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic Mostly gram- positive ProteobacteriaBacilli, cocci, spiral Flagella; some non- motile Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic autotrophic Gram- negative

26. 26 STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA StructureFunction Cell WallProtects and gives shape Outer Membrane Protects against antibodies (Gram Neg. Only) Cell Membrane Regulates movement of materials, contains enzymes important to cellular respiration CytoplasmContains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds Chromo- some Carries genetic information PlasmidContains some genes obtained through recomb. Capsule & Slime Layer Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to other surfaces EndosporeProtects cell agains harsh enviornments PilusAssists the cell in attaching to other surfaces FlagellumMoves the cell

27. 27 No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm

28. 28 Nutrition and Growth  Heterotrophic or Autotrophic  Some are Photoautotrophs – Use sunlight for Energy  Some are Chemoautotrophs.  Many are Obligate Anaerobes. Oxygen = Death  Ex. Clostridium tetani – Tetanus  Some are Faculatative Anaerobes With or without Oxygen  Ex. Escherichia Coli  Some are Obligate Aerobes Ex.) Mycobacterium tuberculosis  Temperature requirements Some are Thermophilic, Some prefer acidic envmt.

29. 29 These heterotrophic bacteria digest oil -- remember oil is partially decayed plant and animal cells

30. 30 REPRODUCTION IN BACTERIA

31. 31 No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm

32. 32 BACTERIA REPRODUCES BY FISSION First the chromosomal DNA makes a copy The DNA replicates

33. 33 NEXT THE CYTOPLASM AND CELL DIVIDES The two resulting cells are exactly the same

34. 34 In addition to the large chromosomal DNA, bacteria have many small loops of DNA called Plasmids

35. 35 Bacteria and Disease DiseasePathogenAreas affected Mode of transmission BotulismClostridium botulinumNervesImproperly preserved food CholeraVibrio choleraeIntestineContaminated water Dental CariesStreptococcus mutans, sanguis, salivarius TeethEnvironment to mouth GonorrheaNeisseria gonorrhoeaeUrethra, fallopian Sexual contact Lyme diseaseBerrelia burgdorferiSkin, jointsTick bite Rocky Mountain SF Rickettsia recketsiiBlood, skinTick bite Salmonella IntestineContaminated food, water Strep throatStreptococcus pyogenesURT, blood, skin Sneezes, coughs, etc. TetanusCostridium tetaniNervesContaminated wounds TuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosisLung, bones coughs

36. 36 Some bacteria cause diseases -- Disease causing bacteria are called PATHOGENIC

37. 37 Helicobacter pylori is the pathogenic bacteria that can causes ulcers

38. 38 Leprosy is a bacterial infection that decreases blood flow to the extremities resulting in the deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the fingers.

39. 39 BOTULISM

40. 40 CHOLERA

41. 41 DENTAL CARIES

42. 42 ROCKY MOUNTAIN SF

43. 43 LYME DISEASE

44. 44 SALMONELLA

45. 45 STREP THROAT

46. 46 TUBERCULOSIS

47. 47 Common Antibiotics AntibioticMechanismTarget bacteria PenicillinInhibits cell wall synthesisGram Positive AmpicillinInhibits cell wall synthesisBroad spectrum BacitracinInhibits cell wall synthesisGram Positive – Skin Ointment CephalosporinInhibits cell wall synthesisGram Positive TetracyclineInhibits Protein SynthesisBroad spectrum StreptomycinInhibits Protein SynthesisGram Neg. tuberculosis Sulfa drugInhibits cell metabolismBacterial meningitis, UTI RifampinInhibits RNA synthesisGram Pos., some Neg. QuinolinesInhibits DNA SynthesisUTI

48. 48 Some Final Information  Because antibiotics have been overused, many diseases that were once easy to treat are becoming more difficult to treat.  Some Bacteria are Useful Producing and Processing food Breaking down dead organic material Make unripened cheese like ricotta and cottage cheese by breaking down the protein in milk.

49. 49 VIRUSES Non-living but depends on the living!

50. 50 STRUCTURE  Nonliving  Composed of Nucleic acid and protein  Cause many diseases  Virology – Study of Viruses  Comparison of Viruses and Cells below Char. Of LifeVirusCell GrowthNoYes HomeostasisNoYes MetabolismNoYes MutationYes Nucleic acidDNA or RNADNA ReproductionOnly within host cellIndependently by cell division StructureNucleic acid core, protein covering, some have envelope Cytoplasm, cell membrane, etc..

51. 51 Here is a non-enveloped bacteria virus inserting it’s DNA into a bacterial cell.

52. 52 Some virus are pushed out by the cell, taking some of the cell membrane with them.

53. 53 Characteristics of Viruses  2 essential features  1. Nucleic Acid May be DNA or RNA 2. Protein Coat – called CAPSID VIRAL SHAPE Icosahedron – 20 triangular faces  Example; herpes, chickenpox, polio Helix – Coiled spring  Example; Rabies, measles, tobacco mosaic

54. 54  Viroids- The smallest known particle that can replicate. Disrupt plant cell metabolism Can destroy entire crops  Prions – Abnormal forms of proteins that clump together inside cells. Clumping eventually kills the cell Examples  Scrapie – in sheep  Mad Cow Disease

55. 55

56. 56 Viral Replication  Can replicate only by invading host cell  Bacteriophage – viruses that infect bacteria Used to study viruses  Lytic Cycle Viral DNA is released into the host cell Replication follows immediately Cellular components used to make new viruses Viral enzyme kills cell.

57. 57 Replication cont’  Lysogenic Cycle Nucleic acid of virus becomes part of the host cell’s chromosome Nucleic acid remains in the cell in this form for many generations HIV follows this pattern. As immune system fails, opportunistic infections occur = AIDS

58. 58 Viruses and Human Disease  Control and Prevention of spread. Vaccination & Antiviral drugs  Ex.) chickenpox vaccine, AZT, Acyclovir, protease inhibitors.  Emerging Viruses – exist in isolated habitats Do not usually infect humans unless environmental conditions favor contact.  Several viruses are now linked to cancers such as leukemia, liver cancer, cervical cancer.

59. 59 PAPOVAVIRUSES BACK

60. 60 ADENOVIRUSES BACK

61. 61 HERPESVIRUSES BACK

62. 62 POXVIRUSES BACK

63. 63 PICORNAVIRUSES BACK

64. 64 Which US President had polio?

65. 65

66. 66

67. 67 RHABDOVIRUSES BACK

68. 68 RETROVIRUSES BACK

69. BIOTECHNOLOGY 69

70. 70 What do bacteria have to do with DNA technology?  Bacteria are simple  Bacteria have DNA that is made of nucleotides (A,T,G,C)  Bacteria can be grown quickly and easily Give them food, warmth and dark (like inside you shoe) and they will multiply like mad (binary fission)

71. 71

72. 72  Bacteria have plasmids – extra DNA in the form of a circle

73. 73  Plasmids are DNA – made out of A,T,C,G nucleotides  The same nucleotides found in human DNA, plant DNA, dog DNA, fish DNA, fungus DNA  Get it – it’s all the same molecule

74. 74  So… why not take out a plasmid, cut it apart and add any other DNA piece that we want!

75. 75  Then put it back in the bacteria and grow more bacteria with that new plasmid that we have created! Hmmm? http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/biology/archive/ani mations.html