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1 BACTERIA Biology Chapter 18.2
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2 Bacteria are very small
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3 This is a pore in human skin and the yellow spheres are bacteria
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4 Bacteria are very small compar- ed to cells with nuclei
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5 Bacteria compared to a white blood cell that is going to eat it Bacteria
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6 Clean skin has about 20 million bacteria per square inch
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7 Evolution/Classification Most numerous on Earth Most Ancient Microscopic Prokaryotes Evolution has yielded many species adapted to survive where no other organisms can. Grouped based on: Structure, physiology, molec. Composition reaction to specific types of stain. Eubacteria= Germs/bacteria Archaebacteria
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8 Kingdom Archaebacteria First discovered in extreme environments Methanogens: Harvest energy by converting H 2 and CO 2 into methane gas Anaerobic, live in intestinal tracts Extreme halophiles: Salt loving, live in Great Salt Lake, and Dead sea. Thermoacidophiles: Live in acid environments and high temps. Hot Springs, volcanic vents
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9 Volcanic vents on the sea floor
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10 Chemosynthetic bacteria use the sulfur in the “smoke” for energy to make ATP.
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11 The red color of this snow is due to a blue-green bacteria
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12 Kingdom Eubacteria Can have one of three basic shapes 1.Bacilli – rod-shaped 2.Spirilla – spiral-shaped 3.Cocci – sphere-shaped Streptococci – in chains Staphylococci – grape-like clusters SHOW ME
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13 BACTERIA PICS
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14 Bacillus bacteria are rod or sausage shaped
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15 Coccus bacteria are sphere or ball shaped
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16 Spirillium bacteria have a corkscrew shape
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17 Diplo-bacteria occur in pairs, such as the diplococcus bacteria that causes gonorrhea
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18 Staphylo - bacteria occur in clumps, such as this staphylococcus bacteria that causes common infections of cuts
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19 Strepto- bacteria occur in chains of bacteria, such as this streptococcus bacteria that causes some types of sore throats
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20 Spirillium bacteria
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21 Diplobacillus bacteria
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22 Streptococcus bacteria
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23 Staphylococcus bacteria
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24 The tip of a needle The red and yellow dots are bacteria
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25 Gram Stain Gram-positive retain stain and appear purple Have thicker layer in cell wall. Gram-negative do not retain stain and take second pink stain instead. PhylumShapeMotilityMetabolismGram reacion CyanobacteriaBacilli, Cocci Gliding, some non- motile Aerobic, photosynthetic autotrophic Gram- negative SpirochetesSpiralsCorkscrewAerobic, and anaerobic; heterotrophic Gram- negative Gram-PosBacilli, cocci Flagella; some non- motile Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic Mostly gram- positive ProteobacteriaBacilli, cocci, spiral Flagella; some non- motile Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic autotrophic Gram- negative
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26 STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA StructureFunction Cell WallProtects and gives shape Outer Membrane Protects against antibodies (Gram Neg. Only) Cell Membrane Regulates movement of materials, contains enzymes important to cellular respiration CytoplasmContains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds Chromo- some Carries genetic information PlasmidContains some genes obtained through recomb. Capsule & Slime Layer Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to other surfaces EndosporeProtects cell agains harsh enviornments PilusAssists the cell in attaching to other surfaces FlagellumMoves the cell
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27 No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm
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28 Nutrition and Growth Heterotrophic or Autotrophic Some are Photoautotrophs – Use sunlight for Energy Some are Chemoautotrophs. Many are Obligate Anaerobes. Oxygen = Death Ex. Clostridium tetani – Tetanus Some are Faculatative Anaerobes With or without Oxygen Ex. Escherichia Coli Some are Obligate Aerobes Ex.) Mycobacterium tuberculosis Temperature requirements Some are Thermophilic, Some prefer acidic envmt.
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29 These heterotrophic bacteria digest oil -- remember oil is partially decayed plant and animal cells
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30 REPRODUCTION IN BACTERIA (please add to notes)
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31 No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm
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32 BACTERIA REPRODUCES BY FISSION First the chromosomal DNA makes a copy The DNA replicates
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33 NEXT THE CYTOPLASM AND CELL DIVIDES The two resulting cells are exactly the same
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34 In addition to the large chromosomal DNA, bacteria have many small loops of DNA called Plasmids
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35 Genetic Recombination Nonreproductive Methods bacteria can acquire new genetic material. CharacteristicTransformationConjugationTransduction Method of DNA Transfer Across cell wall and cell membrane of recepient Through a conjugation bridge between two cells By a virus Plasmid transfer Yes Not likely Chromosome transfer NoSometimesNo Antibiotic resistance acquired Yes Sometimes
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36 TRANSFORMATION This plasmid of DNA is new to the bacteria – added by transformation! Produces the glowing protein
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37 CONJUGATION
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38 TRANSDUCTION
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39 Bacteria and Disease DiseasePathogenAreas affected Mode of transmission BotulismClostridium botulinumNervesImproperly preserved food CholeraVibrio choleraeIntestineContaminated water Dental CariesStreptococcus mutans, sanguis, salivarius TeethEnvironment to mouth GonorrheaNeisseria gonorrhoeaeUrethra, fallopian Sexual contact Lyme diseaseBerrelia burgdorferiSkin, jointsTick bite Rocky Mountain SF Rickettsia recketsiiBlood, skinTick bite Salmonella IntestineContaminated food, water Strep throatStreptococcus pyogenesURT, blood, skin Sneezes, coughs, etc. TetanusCostridium tetaniNervesContaminated wounds TuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosisLung, bones coughs
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40 Some bacteria cause diseases -- Disease causing bacteria are call PATHOGENIC
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41 Helicobacter pylori is the pathogenic bacteria that can causes ulcers
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42 Leprosy is a bacterial infection that decreases blood flow to the extremities resulting in the deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the fingers.
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43 BOTULISM
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44 CHOLERA
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45 DENTAL CARIES
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46 ROCKY MOUNTAIN SF
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47 LYME DISEASE
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48 SALMONELLA
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49 STREP THROAT
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50 TETANUS
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51 TUBERCULOSIS
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52 Common Antibiotics AntibioticMechanismTarget bacteria PenicillinInhibits cell wall synthesisGram Positive AmpicillinInhibits cell wall synthesisBroad spectrum BacitracinInhibits cell wall synthesisGram Positive – Skin Ointment CephalosporinInhibits cell wall synthesisGram Positive TetracyclineInhibits Protein SynthesisBroad spectrum StreptomycinInhibits Protein SynthesisGram Neg. tuberculosis Sulfa drugInhibits cell metabolismBacterial meningitis, UTI RifampinInhibits RNA synthesisGram Pos., some Neg. QuinolinesInhibits DNA SynthesisUTI
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53 Some Final Information Because antibiotics have been overused, many diseases that were once easy to treat are becoming more difficult to treat. Some Bacteria are Useful Ex.) Producing and Processing food Breaking down dead organic material Make unripened cheese like ricotta and cottage by breaking down the protein in milk.
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