1. CHAPTER 19 VIRUSES AND BACTERIA

2. BACTERIA

3. Most ancient life form = 3.5 billion years old

4. Smallest and simplest free-living organism

5. Saprobes: Decomposers (recycle nutrients) Major Role?

6. 2 Different Kingdoms: Archaebacteria Eubacteria

7. Archaebacteria: Live in extreme environments Methanogens = Anaerobic  Methane “Extremophiles”

8. Sulfur Springs Yellowstone NP “Thermophiles”

9. Methanococcus jannischiiwas 2600 meter in Atlantic Ocean

10. Halophiles Salt Loving Dead Sea

11. Eubacteria: Wide variety

12. Where Found? Everywhere 40,000

13. Photosynthetic Metabolic Diversity Autotrophic Heterotrophic

14. Rhizobium Chemosynthetic: Break down inorganic substances Nitrogen Fixation

15. Tulerimia Parasitic Mutualistic Commensalism Symbiosis

16. Classified: According to Shape

17. Cocci = Round

18. Streptococcus

19. Bacilli = Rod “Link Sausage”

20. Bacillus anthracis

21. Spirilla = Spiral

23. PREFIX Coccus = single Diplo = pairs Staphylo = clusters Strepto = chains

24. STRUCTURE

26. The DNA is concentrated as a group of fibers in the nucleoid region “ring” form

27. Cell Wall Live in moist environment Protect against Osmotic Pressure Made up of Peptidoglycan

28. Penicillin Use osmosis in treatment Cause holes in cell wall = bacteria burst Treatment?

29. Not effective against viruses and animal cells? None toxic to plants? peptidoglycan

30. REPRODUCTION Not by mitosis? = no nucleus

31. Asexual Binary Fission

32. Identical Cells? 20 minutes

33. TemperatureBacteria Doubles 90º FEvery 1/2 Hour 70º FEvery 1 Hour 60º FEvery 2 Hours 50º FEvery 3 Hours 40º FEvery 6 Hours 36º FEvery 12 Hours 32º FEvery 20 Hours Source: Iowa State Journal of Science - 1959 Bacteria Reproduction Temperature Dependent

34. Bacteria Count/sq. cm. on Chicken in a 40º F Cooler TIME# of BACTERIACONDITION Day 0360OK Day 15,800OK Day 292,000OK Day 31,475,000OK-Odors Day 423,600,000Off Odors Day 5377,500,000Slime Source: Iowa State Journal of Science - 1959

35. WHY SO SUCCESSFUL? Reproduction

36. Antibiotics “Mutations”

37. Endospore (around DNA) -Bad conditions

38. Resistant to drying out, boiling, chemicals 1000’s of years Clostridium botulinum

39. Sterilize under high pressure. Clostridium tetani

40. BACTERIAL EFFECTS?

42. Aquaspirillum annulus Nitrogen Fixation -helps plants

44. Escherichia coli “E. coli”

45. Flavors: Vinegar Yogurt Butter Cheese Pickles Sauerkraut

46. “Nonbiodegradable” “Bioremediation” Sewage

47. BAD “Germs”

48. Passed by hands “Antibacterial” Soap

49. “Infected” Cuts

50. “Boil” “Abscess” Hair Follicle

51. Entamoeba gingivalis Mouth

52. Strep Throat Streptococcus pyogenes

53. “E. coli” Stomach/Intestines

54. Helicobacter pylori Intestinal

55. Lyme

56. Streptococcus “Pneumonia” Haemophilus influenzae

57. Meningitis

58. Swelling of the Brain

59. STD’s?

60. Most common STD

61. Chlamydia trachoma

62. Gonorrhea Neiserria gonorrhoeae Same symptoms/ effects

63. Syphilis Treponema pallidum

64. BIOLOGICAL WARFARE

65. Tulerimia

66. Bubonic Plague

67. Anthrax

68. Bacillus anthracis

70. Anthrax

71. Bubonic Plague Ebola Smallpox

72. END