SC430 Molecular Cell Biology Welcome to Our Last Seminar - Unit 9 Tonight we will discuss Cancer, cancer treatment and prevention I will be available at AIM:KaplanHallPogar before and throughout the seminar if you have any questions or issues. We will begin promptly at 8:00pmET

Unit Review Final Project Due Remember it is not a term paper on an infectious disease Review gradebook and submit any late work Unit 10 Final Exam

Cancer Tonight Cancer and the effects on the immune system How do these topics play a role Metastasis Immunotherapy Chemotherapy Radiation

What Is Cancer? Understanding Cancer and Related Topics National Cancer Institute Understanding Cancer and Related Topics Understanding Cancer . NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer 4

Some viruses or bacteria What Causes Cancer? National Cancer Institute Understanding Cancer and Related Topics Understanding Cancer Some viruses or bacteria Some chemicals Radiation Heredity Diet Hormones NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer 5

Heredity? Behaviors? Other Factors? National Cancer Institute Understanding Cancer and Related Topics Understanding Cancer Heredity? Behaviors? Other Factors? Colon Cancer (Number of new cases per 100,000 people) Stomach Cancer (Number of new cases per 100,000 people) 100 50 5 100 70 7 Japan Japanese families in U.S. U.S. Japan Japanese families in U.S. U.S. NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer 6

Population-Based Studies National Cancer Institute Understanding Cancer and Related Topics Understanding Cancer Regions of Highest Incidence U.K.: Lung cancer JAPAN: Stomach cancer CANADA: Leukemia U.S.: Colon cancer CHINA: Liver cancer BRAZIL: Cervical cancer AUSTRALIA: Skin cancer NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer 7

Cell division is the process through which a cell copies itself Cancer begins when the a cell divides although it should not Unregulated cell division leads to a tumor, a mass of cells with no apparent function in the body

Different Kinds of Cancer National Cancer Institute Understanding Cancer and Related Topics Understanding Cancer Different Kinds of Cancer Leukemias: Bloodstream Some common carcinomas: Lung Breast (women) Colon Bladder Prostate (men) Lymphomas: Lymph nodes . Some common sarcomas: Fat Bone Muscle NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer 9

Benign tumors do not affect surrounding structures Malignant tumors invade surrounding structures and are cancerous Malignant tumors can break away and start new cancers elsewhere through the process of metastasis

Loss of Normal Growth Control National Cancer Institute Understanding Cancer and Related Topics Understanding Cancer Normal cell division Cell Suicide or Apoptosis Cell damage— no repair Cancer cell division Cancer arises from a loss of normal growth control. In normal tissues, the rates of new cell growth and old cell death are kept in balance. In cancer, this balance is disrupted. This disruption can result from uncontrolled cell growth or loss of a cell’s ability to undergo cell suicide by a process called“apoptosis.” Apoptosis, or “cell suicide,” is the mechanism by which old or damaged cells normally self-destruct. First mutation Second mutation Third mutation Fourth or later mutation Uncontrolled growth NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer 11

Malignant versus Benign Tumors National Cancer Institute Understanding Cancer and Related Topics Understanding Cancer Malignant versus Benign Tumors Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis Malignant (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites Time NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer 12

Cancer Tends to Involve Multiple Mutations National Cancer Institute Understanding Cancer and Related Topics Understanding Cancer Benign tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis Malignant cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites Time Mutation inactivates suppressor gene Cells proliferate Mutations inactivate DNA repair genes Proto-oncogenes mutate to oncogenes More mutations, more genetic instability, metastatic disease NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer 13

Early Cancer May Not Have Any Symptoms Earlier detection and treatment of cancer greatly increase the odds of survival. Early Cancer May Not Have Any Symptoms Therefore, knowing the warning signs of cancer is important to health

Biopsy = the surgical removal of cells, tissue, or fluid for analysis

Patient’s tissue sample or blood sample National Cancer Institute Understanding Cancer and Related Topics Understanding Cancer Biopsy Pathology Proteomic profile To diagnose the presence of cancer, a doctor must look at a sample of the affected tissue under the microscope. Hence, when preliminary symptoms, Pap test, mammogram, PSA test, FOBT, or colonoscopy indicate the possible existence of cancer, a doctor must then perform a biopsy, which is the surgical removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination. (For leukemias, a small blood sample serves the same purpose.) This microscopic examination will tell the doctor whether a tumor is actually present and, if so, whether it is malignant (i.e., cancer) or benign. In addition, microarrays may be used to determine which genes are turned on or off in the sample, or proteomic profiles may be collected for an analysis of protein activity. This information will help doctors to make a more accurate diagnosis and may even help to inform treatment planning. Patient’s tissue sample or blood sample Genomic profile NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer 16

Chemicals that kill dividing cells are injected into the bloodstream during chemotherapy High energy particles damage DNA in radiation therapy, so cells don’t divide 17

Biological therapy or Immunotherapy Biological therapies use the body's immune system to fight cancer to lessen the side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments Immune system may recognize the difference between healthy cells and cancer cells Attack cancer cells just like bacteria or virus Antibodies, cytokines, and other immune system substances can be produced in the laboratory for use in cancer treatment More information at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/biological

Biological therapies may be used to: Stop, control, or suppress processes that permit cancer growth. Make cancer cells more recognizable and, therefore, more susceptible to destruction by the immune system. Boost the killing power of immune system cells Block or reverse the process that changes a normal cell or a precancerous cell into a cancerous cell. Enhance the body's ability to repair or replace normal cells damaged or destroyed by other forms of cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiation. Prevent cancer cells from spreading to other parts of the body.

Cancer Prevention Carcinogenic chemicals Carcinogenic radiation National Cancer Institute Understanding Cancer and Related Topics Understanding Cancer Cancer Prevention Carcinogenic chemicals Carcinogenic radiation Cancer viruses or bacteria NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer 20