Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What Changes Mark the Transition of Adolescence? Adolescence offers new developmental challenges growing out of physical changes, cognitive changes, and socio-emotional changes

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Transitions of Adolescence Adolescence Developmental period beginning at puberty and ending at adulthood

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Rites of Passage Social rituals that mark the transition between developmental stages, especially between childhood and adulthood

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Rites of Passage Beginning high school First kiss First serious relationship Turning 16 Getting a driver’s license Turning 18 Graduating high school Turning 21

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Physical Maturation in Adolescence Puberty Onset of sexual maturity Around puberty, boys and girls become more aware of their physical attractiveness

Judged Socially CompetentJudged Socially Competent More Capable AthleteMore Capable Athlete Social Recognition (Peers/Adults)Social Recognition (Peers/Adults) Overestimation of His CompetenciesOverestimation of His Competencies Granted “Older” Privileges/ResponseGranted “Older” Privileges/Response Parents Hold Higher AspirationsParents Hold Higher Aspirations Enjoys Positive Self-Fulfilling ProphecyEnjoys Positive Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Treated as “Younger” Child by AdultsTreated as “Younger” Child by Adults “Younger” Treatment = Negative SFP“Younger” Treatment = Negative SFP Childish Dependence/ImmaturityChildish Dependence/Immaturity The “Last-Of-All-To-Mature”The “Last-Of-All-To-Mature” Low Social Status (Sports/Social)Low Social Status (Sports/Social) More Anxious/Less Sure of SelfMore Anxious/Less Sure of Self Scores Lower on Achieve. Tests (EA)Scores Lower on Achieve. Tests (EA) “Some” Anxiety Waiting to Mature“Some” Anxiety Waiting to Mature Not Nearly as Disadvantagous As Late Boys Outperform Other StudentsOutperform Other Students Matures at Closer Time w/ BoysMatures at Closer Time w/ Boys The Only One in Grade DevelopedThe Only One in Grade Developed No Status in Being Large/MuscledNo Status in Being Large/Muscled Boys Yet to Appreciate DevelopmentBoys Yet to Appreciate Development Subject to Teasing and RidiculeSubject to Teasing and Ridicule Associated w/ Low Self-Esteem/Dep.Associated w/ Low Self-Esteem/Dep. Become Popular w/ Boys (LA)Become Popular w/ Boys (LA) Socialize w/ Older Companions (Boys)Socialize w/ Older Companions (Boys) Steered Toward “Older” Risk BehaviorsSteered Toward “Older” Risk Behaviors Earlyvs.LateMaturationEarlyvs.LateMaturation

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Cognitive Development in Adolescence Teens enter Piaget’s final stage of growth…Formal Operational Stage (abstract and complex thought) Hormones rise to high levels The frontal lobes undergo a “remodel” (pruning) This leads to sensation seeking and risk taking, and preoccupation with body image and sex

Cognitive Changes Egocentric version of formal operations stage 2 fallacies of teen cognition – Imaginary audience: delusion that one is constantly being observed by others – Personal fable: delusion that one is unique, unrealistically important and invulnerable

James Marcia Modeled work after Erikson Said teen achieves neither identity or role confusion, but various degrees of exploring and committing to an identity 2 elements necessary to form identity 1.Crisis: a time of upheaval where old values or choices are being reexamined 2.Commitment: dedication to role or value

Marcia’s 4 Identity Statuses Identity Diffusion –no sense of having choices; he or she has not yet made (nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment Identity Foreclosure –willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future. NO identity crisis. conform to the expectations of others regarding their future Identity Moratorium – IN crisis, exploring choices, but has not made a commitment to these choices Identity Achievement/Formation - Completed identity crisis and has committed to identity/value

Marcia’s Modes ofModes ofIdentityFormationMarcia’s IdentityFormation