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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e by Kathleen Stassen Berger Chapter 16 – Adolescence: Psychosocial Development
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Erikson’s Theory: Identity vs. Role Confusion Identity Defining who you are, what you value and direction in life Commitments to vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals Resolution of “identity crisis” or exploration Identity Defining who you are, what you value and direction in life Commitments to vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals Resolution of “identity crisis” or exploration Role Confusion Lack of direction and definition of self Restricted exploration in adolescence Earlier psychosocial conflicts not resolved Society restricts choices Unprepared for stages of adulthood Role Confusion Lack of direction and definition of self Restricted exploration in adolescence Earlier psychosocial conflicts not resolved Society restricts choices Unprepared for stages of adulthood
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Self-Concept in Adolescence Unify separate traits into larger, abstract ones May describe contradictory traits; social situations Gradually combine traits into organized system Qualifiers Integrating principles Unify separate traits into larger, abstract ones May describe contradictory traits; social situations Gradually combine traits into organized system Qualifiers Integrating principles
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Self-Esteem in Adolescence Continues to differentiate New dimensions Generally rises Temporary drops at school transitions Individual differences become more stable Self-esteem linked to value of activities, adjustment Influenced by family Continues to differentiate New dimensions Generally rises Temporary drops at school transitions Individual differences become more stable Self-esteem linked to value of activities, adjustment Influenced by family
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Factors that Affect Identity Development Personality Flexible, open-minded Child-rearing practices Authoritative, attached Peers, friends Schools Communities Personality Flexible, open-minded Child-rearing practices Authoritative, attached Peers, friends Schools Communities
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ethnic Identity Sense of ethnic group membership Bicultural identity Attitudes and feelings associated with membership Sense of ethnic group membership Bicultural identity Attitudes and feelings associated with membership
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Identity Statuses Level of Exploration Level of Commitment HighLow HighIdentity AchievementMoratorium LowIdentity ForeclosureIdentity Diffusion
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Identity Status and Cognitive Style Identity achieved Information- gathering Moratorium Foreclosure Dogmatic, inflexible Diffusion Long-term diffusionDiffuse-avoidant
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Parent-Child Relationships in Adolescence Authoritative Parenting Balances autonomy with monitoring as needed Extra challenging during adolescence Authoritative Parenting Balances autonomy with monitoring as needed Extra challenging during adolescence Autonomy Deidealize parents Shift from parents to self and peers for guidance Autonomy Deidealize parents Shift from parents to self and peers for guidance
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Family Influences on Adolescents’ Adjustment Warm, supportive relationship with parents Amount of spent with family not a factor in conflict Family circumstances Finances Time Adult relationships Warm, supportive relationship with parents Amount of spent with family not a factor in conflict Family circumstances Finances Time Adult relationships
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Characteristics of Adolescent Friendships Fewer “best friends” Stress intimacy, loyalty Closeness, trust, self-disclosure Friends are similar or get more similar Identity status Aspirations Politics Deviant behavior Fewer “best friends” Stress intimacy, loyalty Closeness, trust, self-disclosure Friends are similar or get more similar Identity status Aspirations Politics Deviant behavior
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Risks of Close Friendships Corumination Relational aggression Girls’ closest friendships shorter Victimization from online-only friends Corumination Relational aggression Girls’ closest friendships shorter Victimization from online-only friends
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Benefits of Adolescent Friendships Opportunities to explore self Form deep understanding of another Foundation for future intimate relationships Help deal with life stress Can improve attitude toward and involvement in school Opportunities to explore self Form deep understanding of another Foundation for future intimate relationships Help deal with life stress Can improve attitude toward and involvement in school
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Cliques and Crowds Clique Small group – 5–7 Good friends Identified by interests, social status “popular” and “unpopular” Crowd Larger – several cliques Membership based on reputation, stereotype Clique Small group – 5–7 Good friends Identified by interests, social status “popular” and “unpopular” Crowd Larger – several cliques Membership based on reputation, stereotype
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 From Cliques to Dating Boys’ and girls’ cliques come together Mixed-sex cliques hang out Several couples form and do things together Individual couples Boys’ and girls’ cliques come together Mixed-sex cliques hang out Several couples form and do things together Individual couples
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Changes in Dating During Adolescence Goals change throughout adolescence Early: recreation, group activities, shallow intimacy Gradually look for more intimacy Relations with parents, friends contribute to internal working models for dating Goals change throughout adolescence Early: recreation, group activities, shallow intimacy Gradually look for more intimacy Relations with parents, friends contribute to internal working models for dating
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dating Problems Too early dating Drug use, sex, delinquency Poor academics Abuse Mental-health problems For homosexuals Finding partners Peer harassment, rejection Too early dating Drug use, sex, delinquency Poor academics Abuse Mental-health problems For homosexuals Finding partners Peer harassment, rejection
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Gender Intensification in Adolescence Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior Biological, social, cognitive factors More in early adolescence, declines mid to late adolescence Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior Biological, social, cognitive factors More in early adolescence, declines mid to late adolescence
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Gender Differences in Adolescent Friendships Girls Emotional closeness, communal concerns Get together to “just talk” Self-disclosure Girls Emotional closeness, communal concerns Get together to “just talk” Self-disclosure Boys Achievement, status Get together for activities Intimacy related to gender identity Androgynous: more likely to be intimate friends
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Depression in Adolescence Most common psychological problem of adolescence — 15–20% Twice as many girls as boys Early-maturing girls Gender intensification Factors: Genetics Child-rearing practices Learned helplessness Most common psychological problem of adolescence — 15–20% Twice as many girls as boys Early-maturing girls Gender intensification Factors: Genetics Child-rearing practices Learned helplessness
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Depression During Adolescence
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Adolescent Suicide A leading cause of death for North American youth Related factors: Gender Ethnicity Family environment Sexual orientation Mental disorders Life stress Personality: Intelligent, withdrawn Antisocial, impulsive A leading cause of death for North American youth Related factors: Gender Ethnicity Family environment Sexual orientation Mental disorders Life stress Personality: Intelligent, withdrawn Antisocial, impulsive
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Preventing Suicide Notice warning signs Provide adult and peer support Teach coping strategies Interventions Medication Therapy Remove access to means Interventions Medication Therapy Remove access to means
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Factors in Delinquency Peers Rejection, antisocial peers Gender Individual differences Temperament Intelligence School performance Family characteristics Neighborhood Peers Rejection, antisocial peers Gender Individual differences Temperament Intelligence School performance Family characteristics Neighborhood
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency Early-Onset – behavior begins in middle childhood Biological risk factors and child-rearing practices combine Late-Onset – behavior begins around puberty Peer influences Early-Onset – behavior begins in middle childhood Biological risk factors and child-rearing practices combine Late-Onset – behavior begins around puberty Peer influences
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