1. What are the initiation rites that mark the admission into adulthood?
Chapter 4: Adolescence
What are the initiation rites that mark the admission into adulthood?

2. Theories of Adolescence
G Stanley Hall (1904): transitional stage, state of great “storm and stress”, marginal being, confused, troubled, highly frustrated
Vs Margaret Mead ( s): adolescent storm and stress was a by product of an industrialized society

3. Development Tasks for all Adolescents
Accepting one's physical makeup and acquiring a masculine or feminine gender role
Developing appropriate relations with age mates of both sexes
Becoming emotionally independent of parents and other adults
Achieving the assurance that one will become economically independent
Deciding on, preparing for, and entering a vocation
Developing the cognitive skills and concepts necessary for social competence
Understanding and achieving socially responsible behavior
Preparing for marriage and family
Acquiring values that are harmonious and appropriate

4. Physical Development
Increase in grey matter at onset of adolescence, sizable loss in frontal lobe for about a decade
Frontal lobe necessary for voluntary restrain impulses
Serotonin levels decrees
Low levels lead to mood swings and aggressive behavior
Higher dopamine levels
Cause ppl to seek more exciting and dangerous behaviors
Puberty

5. Cognitive Development
Rationalization
Person tries to explain an unpleasant felling or behavior in such a way as to preserve self esteem
The more educated, the higher their reasoning stage will be
Idealized thinking
Finding fault with authority figures
Argumentativeness
Indecisiveness
Apparent hypocrisy
Self-consciousness
invulnerability

6. Identity Development Erikson: Identity crisis James Marcia:
Bandura and Mead: social learning theory
Exploring Identity Issues
Not Exploring Identity Issues
Decisions already made
Identity achievement
Identity Foreclosure
Decisions not yet made
Identity Moratorium
Identity Diffusion

7. Roles of Family and Peers
Hierarchy
Clique
Conformity
Breakfast Club ending

8. Difficulties During Adolescence
Depression
Suicide
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia

10. Gender Roles Sex: biological status
Gender: refers to the behaviors that a culture associates with people of a particular sex

11. Gender Identity One’s sense of self as male, female, transgender
By 2, 3 yrs old learn to label selves as boys or girls
By 5, most have learned the thoughts, expectations, behaviors that accompany gender roles
Gender roles
Gender stereotypes
Androgynous

12. Dr. Elkind
Dr. Elkind has described some problems adolescents develop as a result of immaturity and abstract thought processes:
Finding fault with authority figures: Adolescents discover that people they admired for years fall short of their ideals and let everyone know it. Suddenly a teen no longer wants to play tennis with her father and quits asking his opinion on current news events.
Argumentativeness: Adolescents practice building their own viewpoints by arguing any problem that presents itself. This argumentativeness can lead to strained relationships with parents and other adults who see the adolescent as merely being difficult.
Indecisiveness: Aware of many choices, adolescents often have trouble making even simple decisions. The fear of making a wrong decision may be so great that the adolescent avoids it by making no decision.
Apparent hypocrisy: Adolescents have difficulty understanding an ideal and living up to it.
Self-consciousness: Adolescents assume that everyone is thinking about the same thing they are—themselves! This leads them to avoid situations they think will be uncomfortable. For example, a young man who has a good voice may be willing to sing in a choir, but not to sing a solo.
Invulnerability: Adolescents begin to feel special, that their experiences are unique, and that they are not subject to the same rules that govern everyone else. This special feeling of invulnerability underlies adolescent risk-taking behavior and self-destructive behavior.

13. Male
No Differences
Female
More confinement, especially in math and science
Physical aggression
Men talk more than women
Interrupt women more while they are talking
Nonverbal: dominance and status
Confidence rises as receive clear and direct feedback
Verbal aggression
Women talk more when they haem power in a relationship
Nonverbal: submission and warmth
Verbal ability
Mathematical ability

14. Gender theories Biological theory Psychoanalytical theory
Social Learning theory
Cognitive-Development theory
Gender schema

15. Entering Adulthood Autonomy Loss high school identity Diversity
Development friendship
Resysnthesis

16. Sources of Work Satisfaction
Resources
Financial reward
Challenge
Relations with coworkers
Comfort
Comparable worth