Revival and Reform

APUSH “Take Five” …let us expose his crimes and his foul abominations. He is reputable and must be made disreputable. He must be regarded as a moral lepor-slummed as a loathsome wretch-outlawed from Christian communion, and from social respectability—an enemy of God and man, to be execrated by the community till he shall repent of his foul crimes, and give proof of his sincerity by breaking every chain and letting the oppressed go free. Let us invoke the Press and appeal to the pulpit to deal out the righteous denunciations of heaven against oppression, fraud and wrong, and the desire of our hearts will soon be given us in the triumph of Liberty throughout all the land…

…I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice …I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. No! NO! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hands of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen—but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest-will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat in a single inch—and I will be heard. The apathy of the people is enough to make every statue leap from its pedestal, and to hasten the resurrection of the dead.

Transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Dissenters “Nature” Henry David Thoreau “Walden” Civil Disobedience Dissenters Nathaniel Hawthorne Margaret Fuller

(European Romanticism) Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.” “Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.

Transcendentalist Thinking Man must acknowledge a body of moral truths that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof: The infinite benevolence of God. The infinite benevolence of nature. The divinity of man. They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions

The Transcendentalist Agenda Give freedom to the slave. Give well-being to the poor and the miserable. Give learning to the ignorant. Give health to the sick. Give peace and justice to society.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Henry David Thoreau

Religion in America The Second Great Awakening Charles Grandison Finney Camp meetings Circuit riders Finis Ewing, Peter Cartwright New denominations

Burned Over District (Camp Meeting) Charles Grandison Finney

Second Great Awakening Revival Meeting

Circuit riders… Peter Cartwright-Methodist Circuit Rider

The “burned-over” district The Adventists William Miller & Joshua V. Himes Halley’s comet Hiram Edson

“The Benevolent Empire”: 1825 - 1846

The “Burned-Over” District in Upstate New York

William Miller

More “Burned Over” Relgions The Mormons Joseph Smith—”Golden Tablets” Moving west Nauvoo, IL Brigham Young Salt Lake City, UT Polygamy

Joseph Smith

Brigham Young had 55 wives & 57 children

Take Five…. Why is Utah refused admittance to the US as a State until 1869, even though they had the population and wrote a state constitution as required by Congress?

The Mormon “Trek”

Utopian communities Brook Farm George Ripley New Harmony Robert Owen Fruitlands Bronson Alcott The Shakers Mother Ann Lee Oneida John Humphrey Noyes “Complex marriages” Eugenics

Utopian Communities

Brook Farm West Roxbury, MA George Ripley (1802-1880) Brook Farm West Roxbury, MA

“Village of Cooperation” Robert Owen (1771-1858) Utopian Socialist “Village of Cooperation”

Original Plans for New Harmony, IN

New Harmony, IN

Mother Ann Lee and the Shakers

Shaker Simplicity & Utility

Shaker Meeting

Shaker Hymn 'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free, 'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be, And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight. When true simplicity is gained To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed, To turn, turn will be our delight, 'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

The Oneida’s

John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886) The Oneida Community New York, 1848 Millenarianism --> the 2nd coming of Christ had already occurred. Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past. all residents married to each other. carefully regulated “free love.” John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886)

Reform & The Second Great Awakening “Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Education Abolitionism Asylum & Penal Reform Women’s Rights

Horace Mann (1796-1859) “Father of American Education” children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials children should be “molded” into a state of perfection discouraged corporal punishment established state teacher- training programs R3-6

Evangelical Reformers—using religion to reform society Educational reform Progressive states lead the way Massachusetts Horace Mann Massachusetts Board of Ed. Other states to follow: RI, CT, PA & NY Educational statistics Northern states more advanced than south Literacy rates

Evangelical Reformers Indian reservation reform Missionaries “civilizing the natives” The reservation system as a protective entity Assimilation Worcestor v Georgia

Evangelical Reformers Gallaudet, Howe & Bridgman Dorothea Dix Prison reform Cesare Beccaria Pennsylvania System Auburn System Juvenile crime

Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) 1821  first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY R1-5/7

Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

Moral and social reform Early temperance movement Dr. Benjamin Rush American Society for the Promotion of Temperance Washington Temperance Society Sons of Temperance John B. Gough Prohibition Massachusetts Fifteen Gallon Law New York Maine Protestants vs. Catholics

From the first glass to the grave, 1846 “The Drunkard’s Progress” From the first glass to the grave, 1846

1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”! Temperance Movement 1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”! Frances Willard The Beecher Family R1-6

Annual Consumption of Alcohol

APUSH “Take Five” “Come Home Father” (1864) Tis The Song of little Mary Standing at the bar-room door While the shameful midnight revet Rages wildly as before. Father, dear father, come home with me now! The clock in the steeple strikes one; You said you were coming right home from the shop, As soon as your day’s work was done. Our fire has gone out our house is all dark With poor brother Benny so sick in her arms, And no one to help her but me— Come home! Come Home! Come home! Please father, dear father, come home. By Henry Clay Work

“Scary” Carrie “a bulldog running along at the feet of Jesus, barking at what He doesn't like" Carrie Nation

Social Reform  Prostitution The “Fallen Woman” Sarah Ingraham (1802-1887) 1835  Advocate of Moral Reform Female Moral Reform Society focused on the “Johns” & pimps, not the girls. R2-1

The Women’s Movement Seneca Falls convention “Declaration of Sentiments & Resolutions” Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton Abolitionists

Seneca Falls Declaration

The McGuffey Eclectic Readers Used religious parables to teach “American values.” Teach middle class morality and respect for order. Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety) R3-8

Lucretia Mott

Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony

Amelia Bloomer

Women Educators Troy, NY Female Seminary curriculum: math, physics, history, geography. train female teachers Emma Willard (1787-1870) 1837  she established Mt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women. Mary Lyons (1797-1849)

“Separate Spheres” Concept “Cult of Domesticity” A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside). Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family. An 1830s MA minister: The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

Early 19c Women Unable to vote. Legal status of a minor. Single  could own her own property. Married  no control over her property or her children. Could not initiate divorce. Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!

Cult of Domesticity = Slavery The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society. Lucy Stone Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké American Women’s Suffrage Assoc. edited Woman’s Journal Southern Abolitionists R2-9

Abolitionist Movement 1816  American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation. British Colonization Society symbol

Anti-Slavery Alphabet

Premiere issue  January 1, 1831 The Liberator Premiere issue  January 1, 1831 R2-5

Abolitionist Movement Create a free slave state in Liberia, West Africa. No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s. Gradualists Immediatists

William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879) Slavery undermined republican values. Immediate emancipation with NO compensation. Slavery was a moral, not an economic issue. R2-4

Other White Abolitionists Lewis Tappan James Birney Liberty Party. Ran for President in 1840 & 1844. Arthur Tappan

Black Abolitionists David Walker (1785-1830) 1829  Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) 1845  The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass 1847  “The North Star” R2-12

Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) or Isabella Baumfree 1850  The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10

Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) “Moses” Helped over 300 slaves to freedom. $40,000 bounty on her head. Served as a Union spy during the Civil War. “Moses”

Medical Reformers Medical science Edward Jenner= smallpox William Morton=anesthetics Ignaz Semmelweis=hand washing & disinfecting instruments

Medical Reformers Medical science behind Ex: cholera Heath fads instead: Spas, warm springs Cure alls Phrenology