1. Antebellum
Revivalism
&
Reform

2. 1. The Second Great Awakening
“Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Education
Abolitionism
Asylum & Penal Reform
Women’s Rights

3. “The Pursuit of Perfection”
In Antebellum America

4. The “Burned-Over” District in Upstate New York

5. Second Great Awakening Revival Meeting

6. 1816  American Bible Society Founded

7. The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
Joseph Smith ( )
> Golden Tablets
> Book of Mormon

8. The Mormon “Trek”

9. The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
Brigham Young ( )
Deseret community.
Salt Lake City, UT

10. Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784) The Shakers
If you will take up your crosses against the works of generations, and follow Christ in the regeneration, God will cleanse you from all unrighteousness.
Remember the cries of those who are in need and trouble, that when you are in trouble, God may hear your cries.
If you improve in one talent, God will give you more.
R1-4

11. Shaker Meeting

12. Shaker Hymn
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free, 'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be, And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight. When true simplicity is gained To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed, To turn, turn will be our delight, 'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

13. Shaker Simplicity & Utility

14. THE ONEIDA PERFECTIONISTS
John Humphrey Noyes

15. The Oneidas
Believed in a benign deity, sweetness of human nature and possibility of a perfect Christian community on earth
Key to happiness was the suppression of selfishness:
No personal property
No exclusive emotional relationships – everyone free to love one another in “complex marriage”

16. The Oneidas

17. (European Romanticism)
Transcendentalism
(European Romanticism)
“Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.”
“Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.

18. Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA
Ralph Waldo
Emerson
Henry David
Thoreau
Nature (1832)
Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849)
Self-Reliance (1841)
Walden (1854)
“The American Scholar” (1837)
R3-1/3/4/5

19. Brook Farm
George Ripley
Transcendentalist

20. Brook Farm Experimental community in Roxbury, MA
every member to have full opportunity for self-realization
equally in labor of community so all could share too in leisure
Tensions plagued the experiment from the beginning. Mostly no one wanted to work.
In 1847 a fire destroys the main building and the community falls apart

21. New Harmony, IN

22. New Harmony, IN To create a more perfect society
free education
abolition of social classes and personal wealth.
one of the most important training and research centers for the study of geology in America.
His legacy at New Harmony:
(1) a model for future social experiments;
(2) ongoing progressive educational enterprise which would greatly influence public education;
(3) a blueprint of “do’s and don’ts” for community administration

23. 1. Asylum Reform Dorothea Dix
( )
Inspired by transcendentalist ideas
1821  first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY
R1-5/7

24. Asylums Dix’s report to MA legislature on insane facilities. Shocked
Inmates confined in "cages, closets, stalls, pens.
Chained, naked, beaten with rods, lashed into obedience.

25. Asylums Suggestions: Trained attendants for the insane
More humane treatment throughout the nation for inmates –
Insane, deaf, dumb, blind and prisons
Need to emphasize rehabilitation

26. Poorhouses & Prisons New systems of prison organization:
Individual cells
Reduction in crimes punishable by death
Abolish public hangings
Abandon flogging and other cruel punishments
Rehabilitation of criminals instead of warehousing

27. 1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!
2. Temperance Movement
American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!
Frances Willard
The Beecher Family
R1-6

28. Annual Consumption of Alcohol

29. Religious Training  Secular Education
3. Educational Reform
Religious Training  Secular Education
MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.
By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

30. Horace Mann ( )
“Father of
American Education”
children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials
children should be “molded” into a state of perfection
discouraged corporal punishment
established state teacher- training programs
R3-6

31. The McGuffey Eclectic Readers
Used religious parables to teach “American values.”
Teach middle class morality and respect for order.
Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)
R3-8

32. African American Education
Education is a… “jewel that will elevate, ennoble, and rescue the bodies of our long injured race from the shackles of bondage, and their minds from the trammels (restraints) of ignorance and vice.” -Lewis Woodson

33. Women Educators Troy, NY Female Seminary
curriculum: math, physics, history, geography.
train female teachers
Emma Willard ( )
1837  she established Mt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women.
Mary Lyons ( )

34. 4. Abolitionists David Walker (1785-1830)
> Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.

35. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
1845  The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass
1847  “The North Star”
R2-12

36. Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) or Isabella Baumfree
> The Narrative of Sojourner Truth
R2-10