 (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific functions and that viruses are different from cells. The student is expected to:

3  Cell theory - 3 parts 1) cells are basic unit of life 2) cells come from existing cells 3) all organisms are composed of cells ProkaryoticVersusEukaryotic SimpleComplex Has no nucleusNucleus Has no membrane bound organelles Has membrane bound organelles Includes bacteriaIncludes protists, fungi, plants and animals

Provides a selectively permeable barrier around the cell Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell. Maintains homeostasis for the cell.

 Cells will shrivel when put into a solution with MORE SOLUTE. Ex. salt water (Hypertonic)  If solute concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane, the cell does not change. (Isotonic)  Cells will swell or burst when put into a solution with LESS SOLUTE Ex. Fresh water (Hypotonic)

PASSIVE  Does NOT require energy  Goes with the concentration gradient (high to low)  Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion ACTIVE  Requires energy from ATP  Goes against the concentration gradient (low to high)  Active Transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis

Living prokaryote Non –living – not made of cells must reproduce in host cell

▪ Lysogenic pathway ▪ The virus stays within the cell until certain environmental triggers cause it to enter the lytic cycle.

 A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.  A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe.

 (5) Science concepts. The student knows how an organism grows and the importance of cell differentiation.

During the cell cycle, cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells, each which begins the cycle again.

InterphaseCell division New DNA is formed during 3 phases: G 1 – 1 st period of growth 1. Increase in size. 2. Makes new proteins and organelles. S 1 – DNA is synthesized or replicated 1. Chromosomes are replicated. 2. New DNA molecules are synthesized. G 2 – final cell growth 1. Shortest phase 2. Prepares cell for mitosis 4 phases: (PMAT) Mitosis 1) Prophase 2) Metaphase 3) Anaphase 4) Telephase

 MITOSIS produces 2 identical diploid (2N) cells  MEIOSIS produces 4 different haploid (N) cells (GAMETES)

Causes of cancer  smoking tobacco  Radiation exposure  Viral infection

 DNA determines an organism’s traits by controlling the manufacturing of proteins.  The sequencing of nucleotides forms unique genetic information.

(9) Science concepts. The student knows the significance of various molecules involved in metabolic processes and energy conversions that occur in living organisms.

COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE C, H, O FUNCTION MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY TYPE/EXAMPLES GLUCOSE, GLYCOGN, FRUCTOSE, CELLULOSE, POLYSACCHARIDES, MONOSACCHARIDS, STARCH

COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE C,H,O ONE GLYCEROL & 3 FATTY ACIDS FUNCTION STORES ENERGY MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE WATERPROOF COVERING TYPE/EXAMPLES FATS, OILS, POLYUNSATURATED

COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE C, H, O, N LONG CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS FUNCTION BUILD MUSCLES, CELL MEMBRANES TYPE/EXAMPLES ENZYMES

COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE C, H, O, N, & P FUNCTION STORE & TRANSMIT GENETIC INFO TYPE/EXAMPLES DNA, RNA, NUCLEOTIDES

 Large organic molecules are created by the process of POLYMERIZATION. Mono=1 poly=many

PhotosynthesisCellular Respiration

 Lower activation energy  Speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.  Make materials cells need  Releasing energy  Temperature  PH  Salt