1. Homeostasis
The goal of living things is to maintain homeostasis (a dynamic equilibrium, health, internal balance)
All life functions interact in order to maintain this!

2. Metabolism
A combination of ALL the chemical reactions occurring in an organism
Refers to ALL 8 life processes/metabolic functions!

3. The Cell Theory

4. The discovery of cells and their structure is linked to the development of the magnifying lenses, particularly the microscope in the late 1600’s
Many scientists of the time recognized the importance of cells as building blocks of living tissue. But not until did the general statement of "cell theory" receive general acceptance
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5. All living things are composed of cells!
The cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things!
Cells arise from pre-existing cells!

6. Exceptions and Problems with the Cell Theory
The Cell Theory does NOT explain…
Where did the first cell come from?
What is a virus? It has a non-cellular structure and can only REPRODUCE within a host cell!
Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA? How did it get there?

7. Chloroplast
Mitochondria

8. Viruses
Are Viruses Alive? - YouTube

9. Categorizing Cells
Brainpop
Eukaryotes: complex cells with nuclei and many cell organelles (Animals, plants, fungi and protists) YOU are a Eukaryote!
Prokaryotes: simple cells with no nuclear membrane and few organelles (bacteria)

10. 5 10 7 1 8 6 2 4 3 11b 11a 9 LYSOSOME CYTOPLASM CENTRIOLES
CELL MEMBRANE 8
GOLGI BODY 6
NUCLEOLUS 2
NUCLEUS/ CHROMOSOMES 4
RIBOSOME 3
MITOCHINDRIA
11b
ROUGH E.R.
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
11a
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 9
VACUOLE

11. Nucleolus
Nucleus/Chromosomes
Golgi Body
Chloroplast
Nuclear Membrane
Smooth ER
Cell wall
Cell Membrane
Rough ER
Mitochondrion
Large central vacuole
Ribosome
Cytoplasm

12. Only plant cells have… Cell Wall
provides structure and support for plants and algae
Chloroplasts
site for photosynthesis (nutrition in plants and algae)
Large Central Vacuole
needed to maintain turgor pressure
They do NOT have centrioles!!!

13. 1. Cell (Plasma) Membrane
Regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell
“selectively permeable”
Contains Receptors

14. 2. Nucleus Contains the genetic information (chromosomes, genes, DNA)
Controls and directs the cell’s activities

15. 3. Mitochondria Site of cellular respiration Produces ENERGY (ATP!)
“the mighty mitochondria!!!”

16. 4. Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis (the main job of the cell) - building proteins out of amino acids)

17. 5. Cytoplasm Watery jellylike medium
Circulates materials around the cell (cyclosis)
Site for many chemical reactions

18. 6. Nucleolus Builds Ribosomes which make proteins
Contains messenger RNA

19. 7. Centrioles
Used in Cell division
(mitosis)
Only in animal cells

20. 8. Golgi Complex (Apparatus)
Packages Proteins made by ribosomes
Sends proteins to final destination either in the cell membrane or outside of the cell

21. 9. Lysosome Contain enzymes
Fuse w/food vacuoles to help with digestion
“Lyse” rhymes with “slice”
“lysol” breaks apart bacterial cells

22. 10. Vacuole Storage of water, food, enzymes, waste
Contractile (large central) vacuole helps maintain water balance in plants
(think of a vacuum storing waste)

23. 11. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transport, storage, and synthesis of substances (mainly proteins) within the cell

24. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Storage and creation of steroids

25. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Covered in ribosomes (rough)
Takes the proteins and send them to the golgi complex

26. 12. Chloroplast
Site for photosynthesis in plants!

27. 13. Cell Wall
Provides structural support in plant and bacterial cell!

28. 14. Microtubules Form the cytoskeleton Gives cell its structure
Allows movement of chromosomes and other organelles inside cell

29. Nuclear Membrane
Surrounds the nucleus allowing certain materials to enter and leave (RNA)

33. Video 1
Video 2

34. The Cell Membrane

35. Functions of the Cell Membrane
To REGULATE the movement of molecules from one side of the membrane to another
To recognize chemical signals and communicate with other cells using RECEPTORS!

36. Cell Membrane Structure
“Fluid-Mosaic” model
A double layer of lipids (fats) with many carrier proteins and receptors imbedded in them
Carrier Proteins – transports larger molecules into and out of the cell
Receptors – aid in cell communication as they pick up and receive chemical signals

37. Materials that CAN pass through the membrane are SMALL:
Small enough to move through the lipids:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Oxygen (O2)
Water (H2O)
Larger, but can use the protein channels to get through:
Sugars (glucose – C6H12O6)
Amino acids

40. Materials that CANNOT pass through the membrane:
Large molecules like starch

41. Types of movement across the membrane
Brainpop
Types of movement across the membrane
The Plasma Membrane - YouTube
1) Passive Transport (Diffusion)
DOES NOT require ENERGY
Moves molecules from high to low concentration (more to less)
Osmosis = the diffusion
of water

42. Moves molecules from low to high concentration (less to more)
2) Active Transport
Requires ENERGY!
Moves molecules from low to high concentration (less to more)
Examples:
Endocytosis & Exocytosis - YouTube

43. Movement Across the Membrane
When do the molecules move?
When there is an unequal amount of solute and water on either side of a membrane

44. 1) Isotonic Solution
when concentration of water and solute are equal on both sides of the membrane
Nothing moves!

45. 2) Hypertonic Solution (high solute)
There is more solute outside the cell, so water moves OUT of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel

46. 3) Hypotonic Solution (low solute)
There is less solute outside the cell (more water), so water moves INTO the cell, causing the cell to swell
Think of hypo = hippo = fat