1. Passive mechanisms Active mechanisms Cell diffusion
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Mechanisms that do not require cellular energy such as:
Passive mechanisms
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
Mechanisms that do require cellular energy such as:
Active mechanisms
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
A substance can only diffuse into or out of a cell if the cell membrane is permeable to the substance and if a concentration gradient exists
Cell diffusion

2. Facilitated diffusion
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A chemical technique that uses diffusion to separate small molecules from larger ones in a liquid
Dialysis
A process that moves molecules from regions of higher concentration toward regions of lower concentration
Facilitated diffusion
A hormone that promotes facilitated diffusion of glucose through the membrane of certain cells
Insulin

3. Osmosis Osmotic Pressure Isotonic
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A special case of diffusion that occurs whenever water molecules diffuse from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
The ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water
Osmotic Pressure
Refers to a solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids
Isotonic

4. Hypertonic Hypotonic Hydrostatic pressure
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Refers to a solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids causing the cells to shrink as water moves out of the cell
Hypertonic
Refers to a solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids causing the cells to swell and possibly burst as water moves into it
Hypotonic
Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure created by the weight of water

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Process that occurs when particles move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration
Active transport
Process by which particles that are too large to enter a cell by diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport are conveyed with a vesicle formed from a section of the cell membrane
Endocytosis
Process by which particles stored in vesicles are secreted from the cell
Exocytosis

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Process by which cells engulf tiny droplets of liquid from their surroundings as a small portion of the cell membrane indents
Pinocytosis
Process by which cells engulf particles from their surroundings as a small portion of the cell membrane indents
Phagocytosis
Process that combines endocytosis and exocytosis to transport a particle or structure across a cell
Transcytosis

7. Interphase S phase of interphase G1 and G2 phases
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The stage in the cell cycle where young cells grow, manufacture compounds, new organelles are made, and the chromosomes and centrioles replicate
Interphase
S phase of interphase
The phase when the DNA of the cell is replicated in preparation for cell division
G1 and G2 phases
The phase when the cell grows and other structures are duplicated

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Division of the cell nucleus
Each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the mother’s genetic material
Described as a series of four stages but the process is actually continuous
Mitosis
The division of sex cells resulting in two, and then four, daughter cells each containing the haploid number of chromosomes which is half of the parent cell’s genetic information; mitosis is a phase of meiosis
Meiosis
The first stage of mitosis when the DNA condenses into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus disperse, and a spindle-shaped group of microtubules forms between the centrioles as they move apart
Prophase

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The second stage of mitosis when the chromosomes line up in an orderly fashion about midway between the centrioles, and spindle fibers become attached to the centromere of the chromosome
Metaphase
The phase when the centromere of the chromatids separate and the chromatids become chromosomes, which are pulled apart toward opposite sides of the cell
Anaphase
The final stage of mitosis when the chromosomes complete their migration toward the centrioles, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the chromosomes become invisible
Telophase

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This phase begins during anaphase; cell membrane develops a cleavage furrow
Contraction of a ring of microfilaments divides cytoplasm
Ring pinches inward, separating the two nuclei and distributing half of the organelles
New cells may differ slightly but contain identical genetic info
Cytokinesis
The process by which cells develop specialized characteristics in structure and function to reflect genetic control of the nucleus as certain genes are turned on while others are turned off
Cell differentiation
Cells that retain the ability to divide repeatedly without specializing allow for continual growth and renewal; this cell divides mitotically to yield either two daughter cells like itself, or one daughter cell and one that becomes partially specialized
Stem Cell

11. Apoptosis Scavenger Cell Cancer
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A form of cell death that is a normal part of development (Ex: Skin cells peeling away after a sunburn)
Apoptosis
Scavenger Cell
A cell that engulfs and destroys cells that are undergoing apoptosis
A group of closely related diseases resulting from gene mutations that alter the cell cycle; characteristics include:
Cancer
Hyperplasia
Dedifferentiation
Invasiveness
Angiogenesis
Metastasis