EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN CHINA, INDIA, AND AFRICA THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN CHINA, INDIA, AND AFRICA

VOCABULARY OF IMPERIALISM THE PRACTICE OF ACQUIRING COLONIES FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE MOTHER COUNTRY MOTHER COUNTRY A state that controls colonies COLONY An area controlled by another country for that country’s benefit

VOCABULARY OF IMPERIALISM RAW MATERIALS Natural material that can be manufactured into a more valuable product For ex: rubber is a cheap natural resource necessary for manufacturing tires MANUFACTURED GOODS Products made in a factory from raw materials that can be sold to consumers For ex: tires are a manufactured good that can be sold to consumers at a higher price than rubber

COLONY– MOTHER COUNTRY RELATIONSHIP MANUFACTURED GOODS MOTHER COUNTRY Uses raw materials from the colonies to make manufactured goods and then sells them to the colonies COLONY Produces raw materials for the mother country’s industry and buys the manufactured goods the mother country produces RAW MATERIALS MONEY

CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM ECONOMIC Because of the Industrial Revolution many European countries produced a surplus of manufactured goods Factory owners also needed raw materials for factories Factory owners needed places to sell the goods they produced European countries acquired colonies to gain raw materials and sell manufactured goods

CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM POLITICAL NATIONALISM PRESTIGE Countries competed to acquire colonies to show their power and show up their rivals PRESTIGE Honor and respect More colonies = more prestige from other countries These two ideas caused European countries to acquire colonies in Asia and Africa

CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM MILITARY NAVAL BASES MANPOWER European countries built advanced and large navies They needed bases to supply their ships all over the world Europeans took colonies to serve as bases Great Britain, Germany, Japan, the USA, Italy, and France all did this MANPOWER European countries used the population of their colonies as soldiers

MILITARY BASES

CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM RACIAL SUPERIORITY THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN Europeans were technologically superior to all other parts of the world They viewed all other peoples as inferior to them THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN Europeans felt it was their duty to “civilize” non-Europeans They wanted to make non-Europeans more like them They conquered Asians and Africans Forced natives to speak their language Changed native customs Spread Christianity Westernization

WHO PRACTICED IMPERIALISM? RUSSIA EUROPE J APAN USA

WHO WERE THE VICTIMS OF IMPERIALISM? CHINA & KOREA AFRICA INDIA

IMPERIALISM IN INDIA

INDIAN HISTORY: A TIMELINE GREAT BRITAIN’S IN INDIA 1600 – 1857: British East India Company increasingly controls India 1857: SEPOY REBELLION 1858 – 1947: Britain controls India as a colony MUSLIM INVASIONS 1000 AD – 1500 AD MAURYAN EMPIRE 321 BC – 232 AD Emperor Asoka GUPTA EMPIRE 320 AD – 535 AD Golden Age of Hindu culture MUGHAL EMPIRE 1526 AD – 1857 AD Muslim dominated Emperor Akbar the Great

BRITISH IMPERIALISM IN INDIA THE SEPOY REBELLION: 1857 – 1858 Many Indians were unhappy w/ the British East India Company’s rule of India East India Company went too far by giving bullets to their Sepoys greased w/ cow and pig fat This violates the beliefs of Muslims and Hindus The Sepoys rebelled against the British East India Company and tried to drive the British out of India (very violent and brutal) The rebellion failed, Britain’s Parliament took away the East India Company’s power and ran India as a colony until 1947 BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY TAKES CONTROL: 1750 – 1857 Mughal Empire was very weak and was losing control of India As a result the British East India Company took control over much of India The East India Company controlled these areas like a government: Collected taxes, built roads and schools, spread Christianity Created an westernized army using native Indian soldiers called SEPOYS BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES TO INDIA: 1600 – 1750 Private company given control over trade w/ India by the British government in 1600 Established trading posts and traded tea and other luxuries w/ Europe

THE SEPOY MUTINY

BRITISH INDIA

THE RISE OF JAPAN MEIJI RESTORATION OF 1868

(Similar to knights in Europe) OLD JAPAN EMPEROR SHOGUN (Military leader) SAMURAI (Similar to knights in Europe) DAIMYO (Nobles) Peasant Farmers & Craftsmen Merchants

JAPAN MODERNIZES: 1853 – 1905 1904 – 1905 1853 RUSSO – JAPANESE WAR PERRY EXPEDITION USA sends a naval expedition to force Japan to trade with America Japan is threatened into agreeing to give up isolation and trade with Europe & America 1904 – 1905 RUSSO – JAPANESE WAR Japan & Russia both wanted Korea as a colony and to use China as a market for goods and source of raw materials Japan shocks the world and defeats Russia, a major European power Treaty of Portsmouth: gives Japan control of Korean and spheres of influence in China 1868 MEIJI RESTORATION Emperor Meiji and his supporters force the conservative shogun out of power Create a limited monarchy based on Germany’s government Reduced the power of daimyo & samurai Immediately westernized Japan’s military, government, economy, and society 1894 – 1895 SINO – JAPANESE WAR Japan fights a war with China over control of Korea Japan’s westernized army defeats China easily Japan begins to acquire colonies throughout Asia

PERRY EXPEDITION

MEIJI RESTORATION A SCENE FROM A NEW MODERN JAPAN AFTER THE REFORMS OF THE MEIJI RESTORATION

JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE How did they do it? POLITICAL REFORMS MEIJI CONSTITUTION (1889) Emperor held most political power in Japan Established equality of all men before the law Created an elected legislature with limited powers Only wealthy men had the power to vote Created a strong government to implement reforms

JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE How did they do it? ECONOMIC REFORMS Government helps business Builds railroads and ports Sets up banks & factories Wealthy families buy factories from the government and set up their own businesses Japan quickly goes through an Industrial Revolution The Japanese economy is westernized and modern

JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE How did they do it? SOCIAL REFORMS Established equality between social classes Took away some of the privileges of the daimyo and samurai, but they still held political power Built schools and universities Increased education Students sent to Europe to study western ideas Adopted western dress, customs, and culture Women had few rights and were left out of government

JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE How did they do it? MILITARY REFORMS Main goal of Japan’s plans for westernization Wanted a strong to resist western imperialism Copied western armies and navies Used guns and cannons Built modern warships Created large armies using peasant manpower Built a very strong military based on the Prussian army

SINO-JAPANESE WAR

RUSSO – JAPANESE WAR

JAPAN BUILDS A COLONIAL EMPIRE

THE DECLINE OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE & IMPERIALISM IN CHINA

CHINESE DECLINE: mid 1800s TAIPING REBELLION OPIUM WARS Peasant rebellion in the mid 19th century Caused by peasants’ desire for their own land Killed millions of Chinese Eventually stopped by the government Caused massive chaos and destruction British government sold opium (an addictive drug) to the Chinese people Chinese government tried to stop the drug trade Britain declared war and used modern technology to defeat the Chinese army & navy Unequal treaties favored Britain, forcing China to trade with Europe

TAIPING REBELLION

OPIUM WARS

EUROPE COMES TO CHINA: Spheres of Influence “Sphere of Influence” An area of one country unofficially controlled by another country Britain, Russia, France, Germany, and Japan divide China into “spheres of influence” They each wanted raw materials, markets, naval bases, prestige, and to spread Western culture Europe now controlled much of China

WHAT DID CHINA DO ABOUT IT? FAILURE TO REFORM BOXER REBELLION In 1899, Chinese nationalists rebelled to kick foreigners out of China They were called Boxers The Boxers hated foreigners and attacked Europeans all over China European countries & the USA teamed up and crushed the rebellion Conservatives controlled the Chinese government They did change China to meet the European threat China failed to westernize or modernize its military, economy, or society

FAILURE OF THE BOXER REBELLION The Boxers tried to drive “foreign devils” from China The Boxers used martial arts and believed they were immune to bullets, they were wrong Europeans crushed the rebellion and established stronger control over China

IMPACT OF IMPERIALISM ON CHINA BEFORE IMPERIALISM CHINA WAS: A powerful empire United under a strong central government The most powerful empire and culture in Asia AFTER IMPERIALISM CHINA WAS: Weak & divided Controlled by European states 2,000 year old Chinese empire collapsed in 1911

IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA

WHY COLONIZE AFRICA? NATIONALIST CAUSES ECONOMIC CAUSES Nationalist feelings led to competition between European countries to gain colonies in Africa European states all wanted the PRESTIGE increase that came from gaining colonies Europeans took over most of Africa for this reason ECONOMIC CAUSES Africa was rich in natural resources Gold, coffee, silver, rubber, copper, diamonds, etc. Colonies in Africa provided raw materials and were a market for European manufactured goods

“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA” Before 1878 most of Africa was free Between 1878 and 1914 European states acquired colonies over almost all of Africa Only two African states (Liberia & Ethiopia) were not colonies of Europe in 1914 CONGRESS OF BERLIN In 1884, the countries of Europe met and started to divide up Africa between them After this meeting European countries “scrambled” to take as many colonies in Africa as they could

“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA” FRANCE BRITAIN OTHER EUROPEAN STATES Conquered a large empire in west Africa BRITAIN Conquered the largest empire in Africa Controlled South Africa, Egypt, and most of the land in between OTHER EUROPEAN STATES Belgium, Germany, Italy all acquired a few colonies to add to their prestige

“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”

“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA” SCRAMBLING FOR AFRICA How does this cartoon reflect the idea of a “scramble” for Africa? Why were European countries interested in acquiring colonies in Africa?

POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES OF IMPERIALISM FOR COLONIES & MOTHER COUNTRIES

POSITIVES OF IMPERIALISM MOTHER COUNTRY Access to raw materials & markets Increased political power and prestige Naval bases and ports for fueling ships Spreading their culture, language, and way of life COLONY Political Unity Ex) India, under British rule, became united for the 1st time ever Westernization Increased education, literacy, medicine, and disease prevention Economic development Europeans built roads, railroads, telegraph lines, mines, sewers

NEGATIVES OF IMPERIALISM MOTHER COUNTRY Competition for colonies led to war & conflict with other European countries Cost of maintaining & defending colonies was high Opposition by natives to being controlled by Europe COLONY Lack of political freedom Artificial borders Europeans created colonies with groups of people living together that historically didn’t get along Lack of economic development Colonies relied on Europeans for ALL manufactured goods Suppression of native culture Europeans restricted the culture, religion, and customs of people they controlled in colonies