2012 Apartheid and South Africa

On your Left Side: Write down what you already know about South Africa and/or apartheid. Where do you know this information from? Book you read Movie you saw TV program you saw

On your Left Side: Diagram or draw out a timeline and write down the main events from the next couple of slides.

Early History A Time Line 1806 – British seize Cape of Good Hope 1867 – Discovery of Gold 1886 – Discovery of Diamonds 1889 – 1902 – The Boer War (British and Dutch settlers) 1902 – The beginning of apartheid 1990’s – The end of apartheid The discovery of diamond and gold increased wealth of new settlers and increased immigration to the area. The discovery also intensified subjugation of native inhabitants. After the Boer War, the Union of South Africa was created and operated under a policy of apartheid.

Early Inhabitants of South Africa The Khoikhoi speaking people lived in the southern coastal region of South Africa, the San, or bushmen, in the desert region, and Bantu speaker (farmers, hunters, and herdsmen) in the east .

1835: The “Great Trek” Feeling the British policy destroyed their political and social order, based on racial separation and that white dominance was “God’s own will,”10,000 Boers, or Voortrekkers, left Cape Town to escape British rule on a 1,000 mile migration inland, known as the“Great Trek.”

On your Left Side: Make a timeline of the main events of the Boer Wars/Struggles.

A Series of Boer Struggles 1838: Boers defeat the Zulu nation in the Battle of Blood River in their fight to obtain land the Zulu tribe was occupying. : British take over Natal. 1852-1854: Boers travel further north and establish the Orange Free State and Transvaal as independent republics. 1870-1886: Diamonds deposits are discovered in Kimberley and gold deposits are discovered in Transvaal causing an influx of British immigrants and black Africans searching for work and fortune. 1880-1881: Anglo-Boer Wars

More struggles 1899: Boer War erupted as a result of Afrikaaners upset over Continual British migration inland to the mining regions. 1899-1902: British established Afrikaner civilian camps where epidemics broke out and killed 26,000 prisoners. 1902: Boers surrendered to British rule 1910: British award independence to South Africa. They believed only white to be capable of self-government. Blacks were barred from voting and Afrikaans was made the official language.

A Country Divided White South Africans made up only 21.5% of the total population and of these, an English-speaking minority dominated government and business in the cities. Most whites were Afrikaans-speaking Boers, mostly farmers and still bitter about the war The majority black population, 67%, included many different groups of people including Zulu and Xhosa of the Transkei region. Other groups were much smaller.

By 1910, black Africans owned less than 10% of a country their ancestors completely controlled. 1913, the South African Parliament passed a Native Land Act that limited the blacks’ ownership of land even more. Apartheid placed restrictions on how people could live. For example, black South Africans were made to live in tiny clusters of homes called townships.

Other Ethnic Groups Coloureds: 9% of the population. Indian immigrants: 2.5% of the population. Both groups had varying rights in the Cape, but were not treated as equals by most whites

The Native Homeland Act separated different African tribes into segregated areas. This act set aside 7.3% of the country’s land Aside as reservations and banded black Africans from buying land outside these areas.

Road to Apartheid In 1912, the South African Native National Congress (later known as the ANC – 1923) was founded to unite black Africans and defend their interests. In 1913, the Afrikaaner Nationalist Party was established.

ANC African National Congress (ANC) was created to aide in the civil rights movement.

Peaceful Protest 1912, a young Indian Lawyer living in Cape Town named Mohandas K. Gandhi became outraged after being thrown off the train for sitting in a “white’s only” seat. He organized a peaceful protest march, inspiring some black South Africans to form a civil rights organization.

Whites Asserting Control In 1924, the Labour Party defeats the South African Party. Led by James Hertzog, South Africa became more independent of British control and favored the interests of whites, especially Afrikaners. Afrikaans is confirmed as an official language along with English.

South Africa: Divided by Race Decolonization in South Africa was tainted by the clash between white and black citizens of the newly free country. The government that declared freedom from Britain was controlled by the white minority, largely descended from the Dutch Boers. These Afrikaners practiced the policy of apartheid (extreme racial segregation). South Africa is one of the world’s richest sources of gold and diamonds. Between the 60’s and 90’s, the white government of South Africa turned the country into the wealthiest, most modern, and most industrialized on the continent.

South Africa Apartheid Racial Separation In the early 1900s South Africa was run by white Afrikaners—descendants of the original Dutch settlers. Even though South Africa had received independence from Great Britain in 1910, nonwhites in South Africa were not free under the Afrikaner government. 1948, racial discrimination heightened when Afrikaner-dominated National Party began to run South African government Instituted policy of apartheid, “apartness” in Afrikaner language Apartheid Apartheid policy divided into four racial groups: White, Black, Colored (mixed ancestry), Asian Attempted to create greater separation between whites, nonwhites, impose harsh controls Racial Separation Apartheid laws banned interracial marriages, and placed further restrictions on African ownership of land and businesses.

Apartheid a method of “divide and rule” to counteract the so-called "black danger" Afrikaner rulers saw Africans as threatening to overrun or engulf them by their sheer numbers. Brutal racism: imprisonment, police killings and murder

Apartheid “Apartheid” is a word meaning “Separateness” Black South Africans, who made up 75% of the population, and other non-white People lived under government institutionalized racial segregation from 1948 to 1994. Non-whites were stripped of citizenship and necessities such as medical care and education.

What is Apartheid? Apartheid= separateness A policy of racial discrimination Began in 1948 by South Africa’s government Black South Africans (more than 75% of pop.) were forced to live under strict segregation

Hendrik Verwoerd Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 until his assassination in 1966 “Architect of Apartheid”

1948: Apartheid becomes Law During the 1948 elections, the National Party introduced apartheid as part of their campaign. With the party’s victory, led by D.F. Malan, apartheid became the governing political policy until the early 1990’s. Many National Party members aligned with the Nazi party racist movement that had divided humanity into “master race” to dominate and an “inferior” race to be enslaved.

Apartheid Laws Laws Harsh on Blacks Citizenship Denied Apartheid laws especially harsh on blacks in South Africa Required to carry passes, identity books Also faced imprisonment if police found them in an area for more than 72 hours without pass Laws Harsh on Blacks Under apartheid, only white South Africans could vote, hold political office Blacks made up nearly 75 percent of population, were denied South African citizenship Restricted to certain occupations, very little pay Citizenship Denied

Looking into Apartheid… 1950-Population Registration Act -Divided South Africans into white, black (Africans), and colored (mixed descent) -Based on appearance, social acceptance, and descent -Blacks-forced to carry “pass books” holding fingerprints, photograph, and information on access to non-black areas 1948-Racism institutionalized -Marriage between blacks and whites prohibited -”white-only” jobs sanctioned The History of Apartheid in South Africa

Apartheid- Marriages and business Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 55 of 1949, prohibiting marriages between white people and people of other races Blacks were not allowed to run a business in the areas that were meant for white South Africans.

Laws of Apartheid Apartheid is the rigid racial division between the governing white minority population and the non-white majority population. It is Afrikaan for “apartness” People were divided into three social groups White Black African or Bantu Coloured or people of mixed descent.

Some Rules of Apartheid Africans had to be legally classified (Black, White, Colored, Indian) Africans were not allowed to have interracial marriages Africans had to carry registration cards with their race indicated Africans had to be separated publicly (restaurants, hospitals, beaches, theaters, pools, restrooms, etc) Africans also had separate educational systems (lower standards for blacks)

Images of Apartheid

Apartheid No Rights for Non-whites No right to vote No ownership of land No right to move freely No right to free speech No right to protest the government

On your Left Side: Which of these laws makes you most angry? Why?

Apartheid separated the whites from the non-whites

On your Left Side: Imagine you are one of the black non-citizens of South Africa. How would you feel about what is happening in your country? Why? What would you do about it? Why?

What does Kaffir mean? The word Kaffir is an ethnic slur that is mostly used in Jamaica and South Africa. Referring to someone from Jamaica or South Africa as Kaffir would be the same as referring to an African-American person as the “N-word.” This usage and “strength” of Kaffir is fading away.

Dehumanization All blacks were required to carry pass books containing fingerprints, photo, and information to non-black areas. Non-whites were classified into various groups by way of state tests. This classification would determine rights and privileges. Children were taught from a young age to prepare to be a laborer when they grew up.

A Journey of Inequality 1939-Representation of Voters Act weakened the political rights for Africans and allows them to vote only for white representatives. COUNTERPARTS: PEOPLE ON THE SAME LEVEL, DOING THE SAME WORK 1946-African mine workers are paid twelve times less than their white counterparts. Over 75,000 Africans go on strike in support of higher wages. Over 1000 workers are injured or killed before police violence forces them to end the strike 1948-The Afrikaner Nationalist Party gains control of the government and passed the first of 317 Apartheid laws, separating whites from blacks. APARTHEID: A POLICY OF SEPARATENESS 1951-The African National Congress (ANC), a political organization for Africans, encourages peaceful resistance to Apartheid Laws. The government reacts by arresting more people. AFRIKANER: A EUROPEAN DESCENDANT OF THE DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA 1950-1953-Multiple Apartheid laws are passed restricting the movement and rights of blacks and requiring pass books. From 1948-1973, over ten million Africans were arrested because their passes were not in order

Mine Workers in South Africa Working conditions were terrible in the mines, with miners earning only a few dollars a day and being forced to be separate from their families for months or years at a time.

Apartheid-Public facilities and jobs Medical care and other public services and provided black people with service inferior to those of Whites Practical separation of residential areas Separation of public institutions e.g. schools and hospitals. Separation of jobs, ”jobs for whites only” Separate use of facilities like toilets, chairs, bus stops, stair-cases etc. Black buses stopped at black bus stops and white buses at white ones. Trains, hospitals and ambulances were segregated Mzoli Mcanca

With your partner on your Left Side: Compare and contrast the treatment of blacks in American before the abolishment of Jim Crow Laws to that of blacks in South Africa under Apartheid.

On your Left Side: What is the main point the cartoonist is making about apartheid? How can you tell?

1951 Bantu Authorities Act Created basis for ethnic government in African reserves or “homelands” Blacks had no rights in South Africa. Their rights were restricted to the so called “homelands”. The White Government had complete control over the homelands. By Mzoli Mncanca

Homelands Townships Further Segregation Citizenship Aliens Apartheid placed limits on where blacks could live Required to live in impoverished areas of cities called townships Further Segregation Restricted businesses allowed in townships, kept people poor 1950s, created rural “homelands” for tribes, groups Citizenship Did not include good farmland, resources Used homelands as excuse for depriving blacks of citizenship Aliens Men forced to migrate without families to work in mines, factories, farms Homeland policy made millions resident aliens in own country

Homelands Verwoerd established 9 African groups “Reservations” or “Bantustans” Verwoerd established 9 African groups Each was to become a nation within its own homeland Africans had rights and freedoms Outside the homelands, treated as aliens Poor quality land with erosion Completely incapable of supporting large populations

Typical Homestead

Homelands Covered 13% of South Africa’s land area for 75% of its population. Economic development was outlawed. The only work was in the white areas Blacks were forced to live apart from their families to work in the white areas where they had to carry Passes at all times.

Rural vs. Urban Group Acts of 1950 & 1986 1.5 Million Africans were forced from urban areas to rural reservations 1961 – Pressure from UN caused South Africa to withdraw from the Commonwealth of Nations

Houses in Soweto, a black township.

Typical Squatter’s Camp

Called "a black spot" because it is in a "white" area. Eventually demolished and the inhabitants forced to move to identically numbered houses in "resettlement" villages in their designated "homelands.“ Millions of black South Africans were forcibly "resettled" in this way. Umbulwana, Natal in 1982.

On your Left Side: Using the previous pictures, imagine what a day living in the homelands would be like from getting up to going to bed. Explain.

Courtesy of www.unitedstreaming.com Pass Checks Checks were performed at random of any/all black Africans. Those without Pass were arrested and fined. If they couldn’t pay the fine, they were sent to work camps. Courtesy of www.unitedstreaming.com

Checking Passbook

The Pass Book Needed special permits to live outside of reservations, but not with family Lived in Townships (the city’s perimeter) Curfew regulations Passbook raids Failure to meet curfew or have passbook = subject to arrest

On your Left Side: Are there any rules we have today that you can relate to apartheid? What are they? Why do you think these types of rules keep on being created in various countries?

1953- Public Safety Act and Criminal Law Amendment Act Gave government power to declare states of emergency, increasing punishments for protesting against or supporting repeal of a law: fines, imprisonment, whippings 1960-Government declared state of emergency when large group of blacks in Sharpeville refused to carry their passes Emergency lasted for 156 days, 69 people dead and 187 people wounded Photo and History: The History of Apartheid in South Africa

Oppression In 1953, the government passed laws which allowed officers to arrest, whip, or kill protestors during sanctioned states of emergency. Even peaceful protests often ended violently. Starting in the 1950’s, many black South Africans were forced to move from their homes and into densely populated areas where they were unable to own land. Those who did not comply were arrested and often interrogated and tortured.

Repression (a general intro): 1950s- more than 500,000 pass-law arrests annually 1950s- more than 600 inhabitants jailed as communists; nearly 350 people “banned” Increasingly ruthless methods used starting in 1960s including routine torture, political assassination, house arrests, etc. Around 10,000 people arrested in early 1960s for political offenses, etc.

Bantu Education Act The 1953 Bantu Education Act was one of apartheid's most offensively racist laws.  It brought African education under control of the government and extended apartheid to black schools.  Previously, most African schools were run by missionaries with some state aid. South Africans were to receive an education designed to provide them with skills to serve their own people in the homelands, to work as maids, or to work in labouring jobs under whites.

Separate Unequal Education Bantu Education Act of 1953 HF Verwoerd : “Natives (blacks) must be taught from an early age that equality with Europeans (whites) is not for them.” Student/teacher ratio 46:1-1955, 58:1 -1967 Overcrowded classrooms, poor facilities, under-qualified teachers

Education Under Apartheid: “The Bantu Education Act (No. 47) of 1953: decreed that blacks should be provided with separate educational facilities under the control of the Ministry of Native Affairs, rather than the Ministry of Education. pupils taught Bantu “cultural heritage” and, in the words of Hendrik F. Verwoerd, minister of native affairs, would be trained "in accordance with their opportunities in life," which he considered did not reach "above the level of certain forms of labour." removed state subsidies from denominational schools with the result that most of the mission-run African institutions (with the exception of some schools run by the Roman Catholic Church and the Seventh Day Adventists) were sold to the government or closed. The Extension of University Education Act (No. 45) of 1959 prohibited blacks from attending white institutions, with few exceptions, and established separate universities and colleges for Africans, coloureds, and Indians.

Apartheid Education Bantu Education Act (1953) gave the central government control over African education "Native education should be controlled . . . in accord with the policy of the state . . . If the native in South Africa today in any kind of school in existence is being taught to expect that he will live his adult life under a policy of equal rights, he is making a big mistake . . . There is no place for him in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor." -Hendrik Verwoerd, Prime Minister By Mzoli Mncanca Mzoli Mcanca 71

Education Under Apartheid Black people were not to receive an education that would lead them to aspire to positions they wouldn't be allowed to hold in society. Instead they were to receive education designed to provide them with skills to serve their own people in the homelands or to work in labouring jobs under whites.

Education Under Apartheid Bantu Education did enable more children in Soweto to attend school than the old missionary system of education, but there was a severe lack of facilities. Nationally public to teacher ratios went up from 46:1 in 1955 to 58:1 in 1967. Overcrowded classrooms were used on a rota basis. There was also a lack of teachers, and many of those who did teach were underqualified. In 1961, only 10 per cent of black teachers held a matriculation certificate [last year of high school].

Effects from Bantu Education Act The government controlled the non-whites' lives. Blacks could not choose where to go to school, where to live, what job to have, and they couldn't get medical care (or if they did, it wasn't good health care). When walking around town, blacks had to have passes to prove that they lived there and had a job.

Education and Soweto Because of the government's homelands policy, no new high schools were built in Soweto between 1962 and 1971 -- students were meant to move to their relevant homeland to attend the newly built schools there. Then in 1972 the government gave in to pressure from business to improve the Bantu Education system to meet business's need for a better trained black workforce. 40 new schools were built in Soweto. Between 1972 and 1976 the number of pupils at secondary schools increased from 12,656 to 34,656. One in five Soweto children were attending secondary school.

Young school children in a classroom in the squatter camp of Cross Roads, South Africa, in 1979. (UN Photo# 143373 by Peter Magubane)

Lost Generation of South Africa Students of the 1970's and 80's are referred to as the lost generation of South Africa.  They are often called this because the 1970s and 80s was the time period that a lot of black South Africans lost their education.   

Conclusion: Key Facts The Bantu Education Act was one of apartheid's most offensively racist laws.  During this time the government controlled the non-whites' lives. In high school, blacks had to learn a language. The riot in Soweto started off as a peaceful march, but then changed into a violent riot. Students in the 1970's and 80's were referred to as the lost generation of South Africa because many blacks lost their education.

Conclusion: General Facts South Africa has about 12.3 million learners. During the 1960s, the number of schools for blacks increased, but their curriculum was designed to help children do menial jobs. The new government is now trying to recover from the forty years of apartheid education.  They are giving very poor people an education, called a fee-free school.  They are also giving more money to schools for better teachers and textbooks.

Education and Soweto This increase in secondary school attendance had a significant effect on youth culture. Previously, many young people spent the time between leaving primary school and obtaining a job (if they were lucky) in gangs, which generally lacked any political consciousness. But now secondary school students were forming their own, much more politicised identity. Clashes between gangs and students only furthered the sense of student solidarity

Education and Soweto In 1975 South Africa entered a period of economic depression. Schools were starved of funds -- the government spent R644 a year on a white child's education but only R42 on a black child. The Department of Bantu Education then announced it was removing the Standard 6 year from primary schools. Previously, in order to progress to Form 1 of secondary school, a pupil had to obtain a first or second-degree pass in Standard 6. Now the majority of pupils could proceed to secondary school. In 1976, 257,505 pupils enrolled in Form 1, but there was space for only 38,000. Many of the students therefore remained at primary school. Chaos ensued.

Education and Soweto So when the Department of Education issued its decree that Afrikaans was to become a language of instruction at school, it was into an already volatile situation. Students objected to being taught in the language of the oppressor. Many teachers themselves could not speak Afrikaans, but were now required to teach their subjects in it. When the 1976 school year started, many teachers refused to teach in Afrikaans. But generally students were disparaging of the attitude of their teachers and parents. One student wrote to The World newspaper: "Our parents are prepared to suffer under the white man's rule. They have been living for years under these laws and they have become immune to them. But we strongly refuse to swallow an education that is designed to make us slaves in the country of our birth."

On your Left Side: With your partner, compare and contrast issues and problems with the American education system to that of education under apartheid.

Most black men had to leave their homeland to find work in mines or factories. Women raised whatever crops they could.

Economics of Apartheid Cheap (black) African labor force for work in mines Protection of skilled jobs for whites Enormous income discrepancies http://www-users.york.ac.uk/%7Ead15/SApolitics.htm

Resistance and Protests Apartheid is Challenged

On your Left Side: If you were a black non-citizen in South Africa, how would you resist and protest against apartheid? Explain. Or would you not resist and just accept and endure? Explain.

Early resistance: 1912-1948 1912 African National Congress founded (original name: South African Native National Congress) Legal protests led by African elites Delegation from the South African Native National Congress that went to England in 1914 to convey the objections of the African people to the 1913 Land Act

Resistance In 1912 the ANC was set up to protest apartheid By the 1950’s there were continually harsher regulations placed on natives by the Afrikaners During the 1960’s government violence against protesters increased 1964 the ANC was outlawed

Nelson Mandelactivism Joined African National Congress in 1944 Formed Youth League with Oliver Tambo Secretary of ANCYL in 1947 National Party won election of 1948 New ANC president approved by ANCYL President of ANCYL in 1951 Banned from ANC in 1952 Prohibited from attending meetings or holding an office Confined to Johannesburg area ANC operated underground

The Treason Trial 156 nationalists arrested December 5th, 1956 Included Mandela and Albert Luthuli, President of ANC Leaders of Congress Alliance Combination of five major anti-apartheid organizations Charged with high treason Punishable by death Acquitted in March of 1961

Human Rights – Nelson Mandela Protest was outlawed. Anyone caught organising a demonstration, reading banned newspapers or speaking against the Apartheid system was in danger of being detained without trial, tortured, imprisoned, even sometimes murdered. However, Mandela’s group, the African National Congress committed itself to using non-violent means to protest against this system That is, until the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960.

The Pan Africanist Congress Formed by more radical members of ANC Rivalry between ANC and PAC 69 demonstrators killed at Sharpeville on March 21, 1960 Both groups formed military wings in 1961 Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”) Mandela appointed first commander of MK PAC’s Poqo and MK prepare sabotage

Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela peacefully fought to end apartheid. He served 27 years in prison for such “treason.” Thousands of other South African non-whites were imprisoned and executed for their resistance against apartheid.

Travel and Arrest Mandela left country in secret in 1962 Attended Conference of Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa Conference of African nationalist leaders in Addis Ababa Provided with Ethiopian passport by Haile Selassie Traveled to Algeria for military training Guerilla warfare Next to London to visit Tambo Arrested upon return

The Rivonia Trial Charged for leaving country Sentenced to five years in prison MK HQ at Lilieslief raided on July 11th, 1963 Arrested leaders charged with 221 counts of sabotage Mandela delivered four hour statement “I am Prepared to Die” Sentenced to life imprisonment plus five years

On your Left Side: What does Mandela mean by this speech? “ During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”

Mandela went on the run after the ANC was banned Mandela went on the run after the ANC was banned. He was arrested in 1962, after secretly returning to South Africa, and was imprisoned for five years for organizing strikes. In 1963, Mandela was linked to a sabotage campaign in Rivonia near Johannesburg. He was sentenced for life. 1973, Mandela was offered a shorter sentence if he would support the bantustan program – he refused! In 1974, South Africa was banned from the United Nations General Assembly.

Nelson Mandela was elected national president of the Youth League. A Suppression of Communism Act gave the government the power to imprison anyone accused of trying to make changes through “disturbance or disorder.” Nelson Mandela was elected national president of the Youth League. He planned a “Defiance Campaign” of marches and meetings for April 6, 1952 – just as Afrikaners celebrated the 300th anniversary of Dutch settlement. The Nationalist government cracked down with arrests and made apartheid laws harsher, but the campaign spread awareness abroad and the system was condemned by the United Nations. Mandela was arrested under the Communism Act.

On your Left Side: What does Mandela mean? “I was made by the law, a criminal, not because of what I had done, but because of what I stood for, because of what I thought, because of my conscious. Can it be any wonder to anybody that such conditions make a man an outlaw of society?” Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela in Prison Would you be willing to spend 27 years in jail for a cause? Why or why not? Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in solitary confinement in this cell.

Human Rights – Nelson Mandela “During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to the struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.” Nelson Mandela’s speech from the dock, Pretoria Courthouse, 1964

The shanty towns became centers for black groups who resisted the white government. Thousands resisted apartheid by refusing to work, refusing to buy white products, going into “white only” areas, and marching in nonviolent demonstrations.

Sharpeville Massacre The Sharpeville Massacre took place on March 21st, 1960. Police opened fire on blacks demonstrating against the policies of the National Party government. 69 people were killed simply for expressing an opinion. This event was credited by Mandela as forcing the hand of his ANC organisation. They soon resorted to violent methods themselves. Though never targeting civilians, they began to blow up railway lines and other economic targets. Later, the Soweto Massacre was to have a similar effect on public opinion around the world….

1960 Sharpeville Massacre In 1960, during a peaceful protest in the city of Sharpeville, 69 people were killed This massacre ignited additional demonstrations and protests against the unfair treatment of non-whites

Sharpeville Uprising

March 6,1960: Sharpeville Massacre A large crowd of Black South Africans assembled in front of the Sharpeville police station to protest the pass laws imposed by apartheid. The Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), led by Robert Sobukwe, together with Nelson Mandela's African National Congress (ANC), organized the protest for the nation's blacks to join together to demonstrate peacefully against apartheid. Rarely in South Africa before 1960 had so many black people demonstrated their defiance of the laws in any way. The police were highly apprehensive, not knowing what to expect. Suddenly, tensions were released: the crowd pelted the policemen with stones, and the edgy policemen retaliated with gunfire. In the end, sixty-nine protesters were killed and one hundred and eighty were wounded (some shot while trying to flee)

After the Sharpeville Massacre, the government banned (exile) all black African political organization, including the ANC and the PAC.

Cause of the Riot in Soweto in 1976 When black students went to high school, they had to learn a language. Most students wanted to learn English because it was a general language that people spoke. However, the government forced the students to learn Afrikaans, the language of Apartheid. The blacks were angry, so they boycotted the classes and went to protest in Soweto.

The riot in Soweto The march in Soweto spread to other towns in South Africa.  The march in Soweto was meant to be peaceful and nonviolent. However, it wasn't taken as a march to make a point nonviolently.  Many people were killed, including thirteen year old children. 

The Soweto Uprising Young people had been forced to learn Afrikaans in school, the language of the Dutch settlers. They were not allowed to speak or learn in their own language. On March 21st 1976, school-children protesting the right to be taught in their own language were shot by police. 69 school-kids died. The day is now commemorated in South Africa as Youth Day. People around the world were outraged. But it was to be almost 20 years until the Apartheid system collapsed. At the time, Nelson Mandela was serving his time in prison for what the government called ‘terrorist’ activities.

1976: Soweto When high-school students in Soweto started protesting for better education on June 16, 1976,police responded with teargas and live bullets. In the aftermath, the plan for schooling in Afrikaans was dropped and the UN banned sales of weapons to south Africa in 1977.

Riot in Soweto

Soweto Student Uprising "It was a picture that got the world‘s attention: A frozen moment in time that showed 13-year-old Hector Peterson dying after being struck down by a policeman's bullet.  At his side was his 17-year-old sister. ” (source)

Student Uprising: 1976 Black students were forced to learn in Afrikaans. Protests against Afrikaans started. More than 500 black students killed by white policemen. More than a thousand men, women and children wounded. By Mzoli Mncanca

On your Left Side: If you were alive and a high school or college student in America and saw the reports of the two protests on the news, what would you think and why? If you were a black student in South Africa, would you have taken part in either of the protests? Why or why not?

Steve Biko A young Black leader Grave in King Williams Town, South Africa. Died in police detention in 1977. During the inquest into his death, strong evidence was presented that he suffered violent and inhumane treatment during his detention.

Robben Island prisoners crushing rocks at Robben Island

United Democratic Front This organization helped get the word out to the world about apartheid.

Mid 1970’s – Mid 1980’s The government implemented a series of reforms that allowed black labor unions to organize and permitted some political activity by the opposition. The 1984 constitution opened parliament membership to Asians and Coloreds, but it continued to exclude black Africans, who made up 75% of the population. Many countries, including the United States, imposed economic sanctions of South Africa. More urban revolts erupted and, as outside pressure on south Africa intensified, the government’s apartheid policies began to unravel.

On your Left Side with your partner: What does the cartoonist mean or is trying to prove with each political cartoon? How do you know? What would be a good sarcastic caption for each political cartoon? Explain

1985 Demonstration In 1985 an International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination was organized. The demonstration was held at Langa Township in Uitenhage. The day commemorates the anniversary of the March 21, 1960 massacre.

“Freedom in Our Lifetime!” 1985 Demonstration The message was simple: “Freedom in Our Lifetime!”

On your Left side with your partner: Come up with a slogan and a symbol that are against apartheid

Momentous Meetings In May 1988, the United Nations called for Mandela’s release without conditions. In July 1989, President Botha met with Mandela. Both men pledged a “support for peaceful developments.” Both resigned due to health reasons and was succeeded as president by F.W. de Klerk. Determined to break the “cycle of violence,” de Klerk Ordered the release of eight political prisoners.

De Klerk and Mandela met in December. Mandela declared de Klerk to be “the most honest and serious white leader” he had ever met. On February 2, 1990, de Klerk announced the end of the bans on the ANC, the PAC, and over 30 other anti-apartheid organizations

Free At Last! On February 11, 1990, after 27 years in prison, Nelson Mandela was released. “Today the majority of South Africans, black and white, recognize that apartheid has no future.” – Nelson Mandela

Nobel Peace Prize Mandela and De Klerk both won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for their efforts to end Apartheid. Accepting the award on December 10, 1993, Mandela declared: “We live in the hope that as she battles to remake herself, South Africa will be like a microcosm of the new world that is striving to be born.”

On your Left Side: If we were to create a Wanted Poster for Nelson Mandela, what would be on his list of crimes? If we were to create a Hero Poster for Nelson Mandela, what would be on his list of achievements?

1994 Reservations abolished and territories reabsorbed into the nation of South Africa Apartheid caused major economic hardships on South Africa International sanctions Decreased labor force Cut investments from countries like U.S.A. First multiracial election Nelson Mandela elected president of South Africa (1994 – 1999)

A New Government Nelson Mandela casts the first vote for the new government of South Africa.

On April 27,1994, Nelson Mandela became South Africa’s FIRST black president!

On April 27, 1994, Nelson Mandela was elected the first black president if the first free election. “We are moving from an era of resistance, division, oppression, turmoil, and conflict and starting a New era of hope, reconciliation, and nation-building. I sincerely hope that the mere casting of a vote . . . will give hope to all South Africans.”- Nelson Mandela

On your Left Side: What does the cartoonist mean with the following political cartoon? What would be a good overall sarcastic caption to use to emphasize this message?

Presidency Inaugurated May 10th, 1994 First black president of South Africa Aimed to improve social and economic conditions for black majority Large scale redistribution of wealth Truth and Reconciliation Commission Human rights violations from old regime Improved living standards of black population Better housing and education Violence control Afrikaner Resistance Movement Extremists opposing new government using terrorism Legislation to protect workers Workplace safety, overtime pay, minimum wage http://www.historywiz.com/africa.htm

Retirement Decided not to run for reelection in 1997 Supported Thabo Mbeki Inaugurated June 16, 1999 Retired from public life in 2004 Committed to fight against HIV/AIDS epidemic Son Makgatho Mandela died of AIDS on January 6th, 2005

On your Left Side: What is the main message of this speech? “ We have at last achieved our political emancipation. We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender, and other discrimination . . . Never, never, and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another. . . Let freedom reign.” http://www.sa-venues.com/images/nelson-mandela.jpg

Life after Democracy 1994 – 1997 Nelson Mandela became the first Black President, FW De Klerk the first Deputy President and Thabo Mbeki the second. 1997 – 2006 then Thabo Mbeki become the second Black President and Jacob Zuma was a Deputy President.

On your Left Side with your partner: What is the message of each political cartoon? How can you tell? What would be a good sarcastic caption for each?

Cont 2009 Jacob Zuma become the fourth Democratic President up until today after the Acting President Ralima Motlhale.

Political South Africa The political structure of our nation has been shaped directly by the influences of the Apartheid era. Political parties, politicians and our very constitution have been shaped by the struggle. Consequently policies and legislation today attempt to redress the imbalance that was a characteristic of the Apartheid era Politics and its link with history IMPACT OF APARTHEID

Politics 1: Political Parties African National Congress: A popular party partly because it took a pivotal role in the overthrow of Apartheid New National Party: Struggles with its past as the party that implemented Apartheid. Not popular but has supporters amongst some Coloured and Whites Democratic Alliance: The remnants of the liberal parties of the Apartheid era (PFP, DP etc). Continues to safeguard principles of democracy but looks to protect economic privilege Parties and their link with history IMPACT OF APARTHEID

Politics 1: Political Parties Inkatha Freedom Party A tribal based party (Zulu) was formed out of the divisions sponsored by the policy of Separate Development Freedom Front Last stand of the Afrikaaner movements. Tends to have realistic outlook but wants to protect Afrikaaner values Pan African Congress: Important player in struggle but Africanist stance limits appeal to other racial groups. Small but influential group Parties and their link with history IMPACT OF APARTHEID

Politics 2: Our Politicians Thabo Mbeki’s father, Goven, was head of the ANC during the exile years Nelson Mandela played a critical role in the struggle and was imprisoned on Robben Island President People and their link with history Former President IMPACT OF APARTHEID

Politics 3: The Constitution The concerns raised by the injustices of Apartheid have resulted in the formularization of our democratic constitution. This document is the envy of numerous nations who do not have the freedoms we have. Your right to freedom in terms of: Race Sex Religion Sexual Orientation Gender … are all protected in terms of the South African Constitution IMPACT OF APARTHEID RETURN TO MENU

Economic South Africa The economic structure of our nation has also been shaped directly by the influences of the Apartheid era. Political power might now rest with the black majority but economic power still rests with the white classes who hold important positions within nearly all sectors of the economy. Affirmative action is one such strategy designed to try and change this. IMPACT OF APARTHEID

Economics 1: Corporate Power Corporate power rests with the historically advantaged classes and therefore is still dominated by English and Afrikaans speaking families. Foreign investors too influence the goings on in the corporate world. Foreign based companies such as Anglo America, Anglo Gold etc. are big economic players IMPACT OF APARTHEID

Economics 2: Social Classes The economic divisions are obvious to us today. Schooling is just one area where most blacks and many whites still experience the disadvantages or benefits derived from their economic class IMPACT OF APARTHEID RETURN TO MENU

Challenges facing SA today High rate of unemployment Inequality with a racial overlay Lastly, poverty especially to those who were disadvantaged before democracy. In schools : Endemic to rural areas including overcrowding, poor school infrastructure (including collapsing ceilings and broken windows), high student to teacher ratio, long walk to get to school and lastly, the lack of teaching and learning resources.

On your Left Side: What challenges or problems facing South Africa today is the political cartoon addressing? Explain.

Opening Education to All 1994 - universal access to single system of education 1996 - Constitution extended compulsory education to grades 1 – 9 (ages 6 – 15) 1999 Tirisanot Programme of Action focused on improving the quality of secondary schools

Economic Equity in Education Fee-free schools Up to 40% of all schools in 2007

National Nutrition Program Feeds 1.6-million schoolchildren every day Nearly 2000 school gardens with federal, local and NGO support

Cont Violences in schools is increasing, Special needs and problems resulting from the HIV/ AIDS pandemic, social problems such as substance abuse. Non-governmental organisation are the main providers of children’ social welfare services and working along with the government.

ABOUT THE POET Tatamkhulu Afrika (1920–2002) was born in Egypt to a Turkish mother and an Arab father, but was orphaned as an infant and adopted by white South Africans. His poetry and writing conveyed his opposition to apartheid.

CONTENT This is an AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL poem written in the FIRST PERSON about a man’s journey to a district that has changed in recent years. The area is DISTRICT SIX which was an area ONLY for WHITE people during apartheid.

CONTENT The poem begins with the poet visiting District Six after apartheid ended and anybody, black or white is allowed to go there. He describes how the area is being redeveloped with new houses and fashionable restaurants.

CONTENT HOWEVER, at the time the poem was written many black people would not have been able to afford to go there or were not made to feel welcome. This makes the poet ANGRY as he feels that it as if apartheid is still in existence.

On your left side: Make notes about the poem left side of your Interactive Notes.

NOTHING’S CHANGED Small round hard stones click under my heels, The poet returns to the wasteland that was once his home, and relives the anger he felt when the area was first destroyed. Small round hard stones click under my heels, seeding grasses thrust bearded seeds into trouser cuffs, cans, trodden on, crunch in tall, purple-flowering, amiable weeds. He describes the area as being neglected and desolate Alliteration of the ‘c’ sound creates a harsh tone. Friendly

NOTHING’S CHANGED District Six. No board says it is: but my feet know, Although apartheid is officially over Afrika still feels that there are divides. District Six. No board says it is: but my feet know, and my hands, and the skin about my bones, and the soft labouring of my lungs, and the hot, white, inwards turning anger of my eyes. Repetition of ‘and’ 4 times emphasises the poets rising ANGER.

NOTHING’S CHANGED Brash with glass, Name flaring like a flag, Here he describes a high-class fashionable restaurant. ‘Brash’ suggest it is big and flashy. Brash with glass, Name flaring like a flag, it squats in the grass and weeds Incipient Port Jackson trees: New, up-market, haute cuisine, guard at the gatepost, whites only inn. Simile ‘Squats’ is an unattractive verb. It suggests that it does not belong there. Just beginning to develop. Despite apartheid being abolished it is still a ‘whites only’ restaurant and even has a guard to ensure this.

but we know where we belong. NOTHING’S CHANGED No sign says it is: but we know where we belong. He is speaking directly to the reader. There is no official segregation but inequality still exists in South Africa.

before I see them, there will be crushed ice white glass, NOTHING’S CHANGED I press my nose To the clear panes, know, before I see them, there will be crushed ice white glass, linen falls, the single rose. He is looking in at the exclusive ‘whites only’ restaurant. Exquisite images emphasise the splendour of the ‘whites only inn’ Assonance to stress the character’s anger.

NOTHING’S CHANGED Down the road, working man’s café sells bunny chows. Here we have a juxtaposition of the lives of white and black people. White people dine in a beautiful environment. Whilst IN CONTRAST black people dine in a basic ‘working man’s café’. Down the road, working man’s café sells bunny chows. Take it with you, eat it at a plastic table’s top, wipe your fingers on your jeans, spit a little on the floor: it’s in the bone. The café where black people dine. ‘Bunny chow’ is a South African colloquialism meaning low-quality fast food.

to shiver down the glass. NOTHING’S CHANGED ‘Boy’ in South Africa is an insulting name for a black male. I back from the glass, boy again, Leaving small mean O of small, mean mouth. Hands burn for a stone, a bomb, to shiver down the glass. Nothing’s changed. Repetition ‘Nothing’s Changed’ – The poem’s ending is the same as its title showing the cyclical nature of segregation. He feels it will continue despite the end of apartheid. Metaphor showing that he is ANGRY and wants to take revenge! Social injustice still remained. Largely confined to poorly-paid manual jobs, black people formed an economic underclass.

POETIC TECHNIQUES CONTRAST – between the luxurious setting of the smart restaurant and the cheap café. SYMBOLISM – District Six (the most famous community from which black and mixed- race citizens were evicted) represents apartheid.

POETIC TECHNIQUES 3. ALLITERATION - the harsh ‘c’ sound, e.g. ‘into trouser cuffs, cans’, expresses the poet’s ANGER 4. ANGRY DICTION – expresses how the poet is feeling e.g. ‘anger of my eyes’, ‘mean mouth’, ‘a bomb to shiver down the glass’.

POETIC TECHNIQUES 5. ONOMATOPOEIA – e.g. ‘click’, ‘crunch’, ‘spit’. These words help us to follow the man on his journey through the district, literally and metaphorically.

STRUCTURE The poem is written in 6 stanzas of 8 lines each. This regularity illustrates that the poet is in control of his emotions and feelings, rather than flying into a rage.

STRUCTURE Each stanza has sentences of varying length, some with only 2 words: E.g. ‘District Six.’ The short sentences convey his bitterness and anger at the unjust situation.

MAIN THEMES IN THE POEM Cultural Identity ANGER at discrimination and racial prejudice. Frustration caused by unfairness in society. Alienation and feeling excluded, ‘….we know where we belong.’