1. Warm Up # 41
What conditions need to exist for non-violent protest to be effective?

2. Apartheid in South Africa

3. Essential Question
What events and policies led the segregation of South Africa?

4. What is Apartheid?
The term apartheid (“sparateness") was coined in the 1930s and used as a political slogan of the National Party in the early 1940s, but the policy itself extends back to the beginning of white settlers (the Dutch) in South Africa in 1652.
After the primarily Afrikaner Nationalists came to power in 1948, apartheid was implemented under law.

5. The Pillars of Apartheid
Population Registration Act
Grouped every South African into a particular race. Only whites could vote and hold political office. (Bantu, White, Colored or Asian)
Mixed Marriages Act
Made it a crime for any marriage to take place between whites and any other racial group. Only 75 marriages between blacks and whites were recorded before apartheid began.
Pass Laws
Designed to control the movement of Africans. If an African were stopped & found without a passbook, could be jailed
Between 1948 & 1973, over 10 million Africans were arrested because their “passes were not in order.”
The Homelands
Divided Africans into 10 ethnic groups and were assigned a “homeland that were declared independent of the South African gov’t
Homelands made up 13% of the land for about 75% of the population.

7. A girl looking through a window of her shack in Cross Roads, 1978.
A Black South African shows his passbook issued by the Government. Blacks were required to carry passes that determined where they could live and work.
A girl looking through a window of her shack in Cross Roads, 1978.

8. Segregated public facilities in Johannesburg, 1985.
Young, black South Africans looking in on a game of soccer at an all-white school in Johannesburg. Government spending, about 10 times more for white children than for black, clearly showed the inequality designed to give whites more economic and political power. Poorly trained teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and inadequate recreational facilities were normal for black children, if in fact they had any schooling available at all.

9. More signs of Apartheid
Young coal miners in South Africa in 1988.

10. Citizens Respond
A number of black political groups, often supported by sympathetic whites, opposed apartheid using a variety of tactics, including violence, strikes, demonstrations, and sabotage - strategies that often met with severe consequences from the government.

11. The World Responds
Apartheid was also denounced by the international community: in 1961 South Africa was forced to withdraw from the British Commonwealth by member countries who were critical of the apartheid system,.
In 1985 the governments of the United States and Great Britain imposed selective economic sanctions on South Africa in protest of its racial policy.

13. Reform!!!
As antiapartheid pressure mounted within and outside of South Africa, the South African government, led by President F. W. de Klerk, began to dismantle the apartheid system in the early 1990s.
The year 1990 brought a National Party government dedicated to reform and also saw the legalization of formerly banned black congresses (including the ANC—African National Congress) and the release of imprisoned black leaders.
In 1994 the country's constitution was rewritten and free general elections were held for the first time in its history, and with Nelson Mandela's election as South Africa's first black president, the last remnants of the apartheid system were finally outlawed.

14. The numbers don’t lie . . .
Blacks
Whites
Population
Land allocation
Share of national income
Minimum taxable income
Doctors/population
Infant mortality rate
Annual expenditure on education per student
Teacher/student ratio
19 million million
13% %
<20% %
360 rands rands
1/44, /400
20%-40% %
$ $696
1/ /22

15. Apartheid Laws On a piece of notebook paper…
Go around the room and read the “Apartheid Laws”
Create a list of restrictions