1. Apartheid

2. What is it? Afrikaan for “apartness”
Legal separation of races in South Africa
Official in 1948 when South Africa’s “National Party” won the government elections
Meant to “ensure peace” by keeping different people separated

3. How did it Begin?
Technically began in 1913 (soon after independence from Great Britain)
Went into full effect with the Population Registration Act of 1950
This classified all South Africans into four categories:
Bantu (All Black)
Coloured (Mixed Race)
White
Asian (Indian and Pakistani) – this was added later

4. What were some key points?
Group Areas Act of 1950
Divided business and residential urban areas into sections for each race
Land Acts of 1913, 1916, 1954, 1955
All of these acts took land away from people and set it aside for the different categories of people
As a result, 80% of the land in South Africa gets set aside for the white MINORITY
Bantu Authorities Act of 1951
Reestablishes tribal organization
Made it harder for nonwhites to organize against whites

5. Key Points (Continued)
“Pass” Laws
Nonwhites needed a pass from the government to go into ”restricted” areas
Other Laws
Social contact between races was illegal
Illegal to marry someone of a different race
Public facilities (Schools, bathrooms, etc) segregated
Nonwhites not allowed in government
Nonwhites not allowed to vote

6. Resistance/Change Sharpesville, March 21, 1960 Soweto Riots, 1976
Peaceful protest; Police kill 69 black Africans and wound many more
Soweto Riots, 1976
Protesting language requirements
1985 – USA and UK impose some sanctions
South Africa repeals the “pass” law the next year
– F.W. de Klerk repeals most apartheid laws
1993 – New constitution gives all people the right to vote
1994 – Nelson Mandela (Black Activist) elected as president

7. Nelson Mandela ( )
Could have become a chief in his tribe (Tembu) but decided to become a lawyer
Began focused on nonviolent protest, but after Sharpesville in began advocating violence
Arrested at a roadblock in 1962, goes on trial in 1963 for sabotage
Sentenced to life in prison

8. Mandela (continued)
Spends at Robben Island Prison off Cape Town
Switched to a max security prison
Released on February 11, 1990 by de Klerk
Won presidency in first universal suffrage election in 1994

9. Mandela (Continued)
Famous for many speeches including “I am Prepared to Die” in 1964 as he was walking into prison:
“During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”

10. Other Mandela Quotes
No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin, or his background, or his religion. People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.
Fools multiply when wise men are silent.
Everyone can rise above their circumstances and achieve success if they are dedicated to and passionate about what they do.
Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.
It always seems impossible until it’s done.
A winner is a dreamer who never gives up.

11. Works Cited
Apartheid." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Dec school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/apartheid/ Accessed 4 Apr
"Nelson Mandela." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Dec school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/Nelson-Mandela/ Accessed 4 Apr