Musical Outlets Instrument Families and Voice Types

Production of Sound The main differences between each family or group are: The main differences between each family or group are: The means through which sound is produced The means through which sound is produced The construction of each instrument The construction of each instrument All sound is a product of vibrations. All sound is a product of vibrations.

3 Main Instrument Families Winds Winds Strings Strings Percussion Percussion

Winds Two Subgroups Two Subgroups Brass Brass Woodwinds Woodwinds

Brass Made of metal (traditionally brass) Made of metal (traditionally brass) Uses metal mouthpieces to “buzz” and produce the sound. Uses metal mouthpieces to “buzz” and produce the sound. Key Parts: Key Parts: Mouthpiece Mouthpiece Valves/Slide Valves/Slide Bell Bell

Trumpet A. Mouthpiece A. Mouthpiece B. Valves (piston) B. Valves (piston) C. Bell C. Bell

Horn A. Mouthpiece A. Mouthpiece B. Valves (rotary) B. Valves (rotary) C. Bell C. Bell

Trombone A. Mouthpiece A. Mouthpiece B. Bell B. Bell C. Slide C. Slide

Tuba A. Mouthpiece A. Mouthpiece B. Bell B. Bell C. Valves (Rotary or Piston) C. Valves (Rotary or Piston)

Woodwinds Made of wood, plastic, or metal (traditionally wood) Made of wood, plastic, or metal (traditionally wood) Uses a reed (or reeds) to vibrate and produce the sound. Uses a reed (or reeds) to vibrate and produce the sound. Key Parts: Key Parts: Mouthpiece/Reed(s) Mouthpiece/Reed(s) Keys Keys Most have a bell—but sound comes out of key holes not bell Most have a bell—but sound comes out of key holes not bell

Flute-THE EXCEPTION!!! A. Mouthpiece A. Mouthpiece B. Tone Hole (NO REED) B. Tone Hole (NO REED) C. Keys C. Keys

Clarinet A. Mouthpiece (w/ Reed) A. Mouthpiece (w/ Reed) B. Keys B. Keys C. Bell C. Bell

Saxophone A. Mouthpiece (w/ Reed) A. Mouthpiece (w/ Reed) B. Keys B. Keys C. Bell C. Bell Made of Metal Made of Metal Meant to be a “combination” instrument to mimic the sounds of brass, woodwinds and the human voice. Meant to be a “combination” instrument to mimic the sounds of brass, woodwinds and the human voice.

Oboe A. Double Reed (no mouthpiece) A. Double Reed (no mouthpiece) B. Keys B. Keys C. Bell C. Bell

Bassoon A. Double Reed (no Mouthpiece) A. Double Reed (no Mouthpiece) B. Bocal B. Bocal C. Keys C. Keys D. Bell D. Bell

Percussion Any instrument that is struck Any instrument that is struck Common groups: Common groups: Battery Battery Keyboard Keyboard Accessories Accessories

Battery Percussion Battery comes from “Batter” or to beat. Battery comes from “Batter” or to beat. All Have “Heads.” (the one that you hit is the “batter head.” All Have “Heads.” (the one that you hit is the “batter head.” Definite Pitch or Indefinite Pitch Definite Pitch or Indefinite Pitch

Battery Percussion Examples Snare Drum Snare Drum Indefinite Pitch Indefinite Pitch

Battery Percussion Examples Timpani (Kettle Drum) Timpani (Kettle Drum) Definite Pitch Definite Pitch Pedal tightens or loosens head to change pitch. Pedal tightens or loosens head to change pitch. Loose=Low Loose=Low Tight=High Tight=High

Battery Percussion Examples Less Common in art music, but still battery: Less Common in art music, but still battery: Traditional “Folk” Drums Traditional “Folk” Drums Often Latin, African, Native American, East Asian Often Latin, African, Native American, East Asian Also includes “Hand” drums Also includes “Hand” drums

Keyboard Percussion Pitched group of instruments that are all configured in the same way. Pitched group of instruments that are all configured in the same way. The biggest difference is the method of sound production. The biggest difference is the method of sound production. Mallets Mallets Hands Hands

Keyboard Percussion Examples All keyboard percussion instruments are set up with the same arrangement of notes using bars or keys. All keyboard percussion instruments are set up with the same arrangement of notes using bars or keys.

Keyboard Percussion Examples Bar-Type Keyboards use Mallets cause vibrations. Bar-Type Keyboards use Mallets cause vibrations. The instrument seen here is the Marimba The instrument seen here is the Marimba Others include: Others include: Vibraphone Vibraphone Xylophone Xylophone Glockenspiel Glockenspiel

Keyboard Percussion Examples An additional bar-type example is the chimes. An additional bar-type example is the chimes. The chimes use a hammer or mallet to cause the vibrations. The chimes use a hammer or mallet to cause the vibrations.

Keyboard Percussion Examples Key-Type Keyboard Percussion instruments use hammers, pulls or air to produce the vibrations. Key-Type Keyboard Percussion instruments use hammers, pulls or air to produce the vibrations. Each of these are started with your hands (fingers). Each of these are started with your hands (fingers). This group includes the: This group includes the: Piano Piano Harpsichord Harpsichord Organ Organ

Accessory Percussion This group, for all intents and purposes, consists of “everything else.” This group, for all intents and purposes, consists of “everything else.” Just about anything can be an accessory percussion instrument. Just about anything can be an accessory percussion instrument.

Accessory Percussion Examples The tambourine has a head that can be struck, however the “tambourine” sound comes from the jingles. The tambourine has a head that can be struck, however the “tambourine” sound comes from the jingles.

Accessory Percussion Examples The Triangle: The Triangle:

Accessory Percussion Examples The Gong or Tam- Tam (there is a difference) is struck with a mallet, making the whole instrument vibrate. The Gong or Tam- Tam (there is a difference) is struck with a mallet, making the whole instrument vibrate.

Accessory Percussion Examples The Maracas, or any other variety of “shakers” have beads, beans, sand, etc., inside of them. The Maracas, or any other variety of “shakers” have beads, beans, sand, etc., inside of them. What’s vibrating here? What’s vibrating here?

Accessory Percussion Examples Use your imagination. Use your imagination. Other examples might include: Other examples might include: Brake Drum Brake Drum Hands Hands Chains Chains Whistle Whistle Jingle Bells Jingle Bells Wood Boards (Whip) Wood Boards (Whip)

Strings Instruments most often produce sound through the bowing of strings. Instruments most often produce sound through the bowing of strings. Made of wood. The better the quality of the wood and the more someone touched it to put it together, the more expensive the cost of the instrument. Made of wood. The better the quality of the wood and the more someone touched it to put it together, the more expensive the cost of the instrument.

Violin and Viola The violin is the smallest of the two. The violin is the smallest of the two. Largest difference: strings are tuned differently. Largest difference: strings are tuned differently. Key Parts: Key Parts: Strings Strings Scroll Scroll Bridge Bridge Button Button Bow Bow A.Button B.Bridge C.Strings D.Scroll

Violin and Viola E. Bow E. Bow

Violin and Viola Close-up of scroll Close-up of scroll

Cello and Bass Size and tuning make them different from the violin and viola. Size and tuning make them different from the violin and viola. These instruments are upright instruments that rest on the ground. These instruments are upright instruments that rest on the ground. The Major parts are the same as the violin and viola. The Major parts are the same as the violin and viola. Instead of button, we have the end pin or peg (F). Instead of button, we have the end pin or peg (F).

The Voice Basic fact: Basic fact: People Sound Different People Sound Different The Human Voice can be changed to produce an infinite amount of sounds, with a wide range of pitches. The Human Voice can be changed to produce an infinite amount of sounds, with a wide range of pitches. The vocal folds (chords) are vibrating here. The vocal folds (chords) are vibrating here.

The Voice The 5 most common voice types are (highest to lowest): The 5 most common voice types are (highest to lowest): Soprano (Female) Soprano (Female) Alto (Female) Alto (Female) Tenor (Male) Tenor (Male) Baritone (Male) Baritone (Male) Bass (Male) Bass (Male)

The Voice Others include: Others include: Mezzo Soprano (Female) Mezzo Soprano (Female) Coloratura (Female) Coloratura (Female) Castrati (Unchanged Male—Assisted) Castrati (Unchanged Male—Assisted)

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