Ameri-can-adians: Demography and Identity of Borderline Canadians and Americans Jack Jedwab and Susan W. Hardwick

Project goals Expand on the limited research accomplished to date on the spatial patterns and identities of Canadians in the U.S. and Americans in Canada. Learn more about whether Canadians are “melting” into the U.S. melting pot or retaining their distinctive Canadian identities after migration to the U.S. Analyze the level of attachment to Canada of Canadians who reside in the U.S. Compare the (trans?) national identities of Canadians in the U.S. with Americans who permanently reside in Canada.

Defining “Canadian” and “American” In establishing the number of “Americans” in Canada and “Canadians” in the United States census-takers most commonly use place of birth and ancestry (in the United States) and ethnic origin (in Canada). Those identified by ethnicity and ancestry may be expressing a connection with Canada that may span several generations. So it cannot be assumed that U.S. census respondents who claim a connection to Canada were born there.

Part I: Demographic analysis of “Americans” in Canada

Born in the USA Canada Ontario British Columbia Alberta Quebec Nova Scotia New Brunswick Manitoba Saskatchewan Between 2001 and 2006 in Canada, there was nearly a 20% increase in the number of Canadians born in the U.S.

Over Canadians Born in the United States Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration Immigrants Before to to to to 2006 Non- permanen t residents Canada Ontario British Columbia Toronto Alberta Quebec Vancouver Montréal Calgary U.S.-born in Canada between almost as high as in previous 10 years (with half choosing to reside in Ontario)

Canadians Born in the USACanadians of American Ethnic origin 2006All 1st generation Canada Ontario British Columbia Alberta Toronto Quebec Vancouver Calgary Montréal Edmonton Saskatchewan Ottawa Manitoba Victoria More Canadians report U.S. as birthplace than report “American ethnic origin”

Total Ethnic origin (: American 2006 Total - Generation status 1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation or more Canada Ontario British Columbia Alberta Toronto Quebec Vancouver Calgary Montréal Edmonton Saskatchewan Ottawa - Gatineau Manitoba Victoria Hamilton New Brunswick Nova Scotia Nearly half of all “Ethnic Americans” in Canada are third generation or more

Ethnic Origin: American NB Chinese 580 South Asian 805 Korean 145 Japanese 500 Total - Generatio n Status 1st Generatio n - subtotal above the age of 15 years 1st Generati on 1.5 Generati on 2nd Generation - subtotal above the age of 15 years 2nd Generati on 2.5 Generation 3rd + Generation Total Population Visible minority Black Filipino Latin American Southeast Asian Arab Not a visible minority Aboriginal self-reporting Visible Minorities represent increasing percentage of recent “Americans” defined by ethnic origin

Born in the United States of America and Emigrated to Canada Immigrants Before to to to 2006 Total - Population by visible minority groups Visible minority population (11%)8 150 (5%)3 130 (16%)5 950 (25%) (28%) Not a visible minority South Asian Black Chinese Latin American Arab Visible Minorities represent increasing percentage of American-Born Canadians

years of age and over Canada Total PopulationU.S.-born in CanadaAmerican Ethnic Identification Bachelor’s Degree or Better Unemployment Rate Management Occupations Average employment income Median employment income Prevalence of low income after tax in 2005 for economic family members %6.9% Canada’s U.S.-born more educated than American origin (and also are “less rooted” or “more rooted” in groups with similar SES)

2006Citizenship Acquisition of Americans Born in Canada United States of America Canada Immigrants Before to to to 2006 Total - Citizenship Canadian citizens Canadian citizens only Citizens of Canada and at least one other country Not Canadian citizens

Ethnic Diversity Survey 2002 American Ancestry Belong to Canada 1st generation - Born outside Canada2 nd Generation 3 rd Generation or more 1 - not strong at all8,0%3,7%4,4% 22,1%6,7% 324,0%11,6%6,7% 430,0%15,3%8,9% 5 - very strong34,0%65,1%68,9% Ancestral American belonging to Canada grows with generation

Ethnic Diversity Survey 2002 American Ancestry Belong to North America 1st generation - Born outside Canada2 nd Generation 3 rd Generation or more 1 - not strong at all4,0%5,8%6,7% 24,0%6,3%8,9% 310,0%15,3%22,2% 418,0% 11,1% 5 - very strong60,0%51,3%46,7% American Ancestry Belonging to North American declines with Generation

Ancestry American 4 and 5 on a 5 point scale with 5 meaning strong sense of belonging Ethnic Diversity Survey 2002 Belong to CanadaBelong to North America First Generation Second Generation Third Generation or more First to third generation “Canadian” vs. “North American” identity

Part II: Demographic analysis of “Canadians” in the U.S.

Contemporary Trends

Canadians who moved to the United States 000’s Number of Canadians migrating to the U.S. higher in first decade of 21 st C. than at any time since the 1960s

Number of persons born in Canada admitted to the United States as permanent residents Persons obtaining legal permanent resident status by region and selected country of last residence Total Recession does not deter Canadian migration to the United States

United States Born in CanadaFrench Canadian Ancestry Canadian Ancestry Total Native Born Foreign Born Entered 2000 or later Entered 1990 to “Canadian ancestry” exceeds “Canadian-born” feelings of attachment to Canada (and is also stronger than attachment to the U.S. of American migrants in Canada)

United StatesBorn in CanadaFrench Canadian Ancestry Canadian Ancestry Foreign Born Naturalized US Citizen Not a US Citizen Higher percentage of Foreign Born who report French-Canadian Ancestry are naturalized than those who report Canadian Ancestry and Canadian-Born

2006 (25 years of age and over) United States-Entire Population Canadian Born Living in the United States French Canadian Ancestry Canadian Ancestry Bachelor’s Degree/Graduate and Professional Degree Management, Professional and Related Occupations Median Household Income Median Family Income Per Capita Income Mean Earnings for Full-Time, Year Round workers (Male) Median Earnings for Full-Time, Year Round workers (Male) Poverty Rates-All Families Canadian-born in U.S. do better on most indicators of SES than “ancestrally Canadian”

Conclusions, reflections, future research directions… - Defining and locating often invisible subgroups of Can- Am migrants (Canadian-born? U.S.-born? Canadian or American ancestry? Canadian-by- choice?). - Comparative immigrant residential geographies at the neighborhood level in Canada and the U.S. - Unraveling national/transnational identities at the borderland… ‘

So where do we go from here? - Spatial patterns (and related social, economic, and environmental processes) of Canadians in the U.S. need further analysis. - Comparative studies of Canadians in the U.S. and Americans in Canada are also long overdue. - In particular, a critical need remains for an in- depth analyses of the (trans)national identities and attachments of Can-Am migrants now and in the years to come.